Organic Crystal Scintillators

Birks, J. B.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-010472-0.50012-4

Cited by 42 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 74 publications

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“…The strong Coulomb binding could localize the exciton at the organic cation, in analogy to the case of (Ph 4 P) 2 SbCl 5 , in which the exciton is localized at the SbCl 5 cluster despite the ground-state band structure showing the type II band alignment at the organic-inorganic interface. 23 The fast decay of the luminescence in the three hybrid metal halides, as shown in Figure 4 (9–21 ns), is consistent with the fast emission from the π-conjugated organic molecules (decay times ranging from a few nanoseconds to a few tens of nanoseconds), 63 thus supporting the attribution of the exciton emission in these hybrid halides to the organic molecules. In comparison, an exciton that is localized at the inorganic metal halide cluster in hybrid metal halides usually has the lifetime on the order of microseconds.…”

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confidence: 73%

Broadband Emission in Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Halides of Group 12 Metals

et al. 2018

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We report syntheses, crystal and electronic structures, and characterization of three new hybrid organic–inorganic halides (R)ZnBr 3 (DMSO), (R) 2 CdBr 4 ·DMSO, and (R)CdI 3 (DMSO) (where (R) = C 6 (CH 3 ) 5 CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 3 , and DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide). The compounds can be conveniently prepared as single crystals and bulk polycrystalline powders using a DMSO–methanol solvent system. On the basis of the single-crystal X-ray diffraction results carried out at room temperature and 100 K, all compounds have zero-dimensional (0D) crystal structures featuring alternating layers of bulky organic cations and molecular inorganic anions based on a tetrahedral coordination around group 12 metal cations. The presence of discrete molecular building blocks in the 0D structures results in localized charges and tunable room-temperature light emission, including white light for (R)ZnBr 3 (DMSO), bluish-white light for (R) 2 CdBr 4 ·DMSO, and green for (R)CdI 3 (DMSO). The highest photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) value of 3.07% was measured for (R)ZnBr 3 (DMSO), which emits cold white light based on the calculated correlated color temperature (CCT) of 11,044 K. All compounds exhibit fast photoluminescence lifetimes on the timescale of tens of nanoseconds, consistent with the fast luminescence decay observed in π-conjugated organic molecules. Temperature dependence photoluminescence study showed the appearance of additional peaks around 550 nm, resulting from the organic salt emission. Density functional theory calculations show that the incorporation of both the low-gap aromatic molecule R and the relatively electropositive Zn and Cd metals can lead to exciton localization at the aromatic molecular cations, which act as luminescence centers.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 73%

Broadband Emission in Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Halides of Group 12 Metals

et al. 2018

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Scintillation Counters

Lenzen¹,

Braoudakis²

1999

Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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The sections in this article are History of Instruments Applications Structure of a Counting System Scintillator Materials Processes in Scintillators Performance Characteristics Detector Types and Accessories Present State of Technology and Outlook

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Particle Detector Technology for Imaging

Taylor

2002

Encyclopedia of Imaging Science and Technology

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In this article, “particles” refer to charged particles that have enough energy to pass some significant distance through matter. The interaction of particles with matter forms the basis on which particle detectors are designed and operated. The principal process for detection is ionization of matter by the electromagnetic interaction of the moving particle. Ionization produces free charge that can be collected and detected. Electromagnetic radiation from the charged particle moving through matter may also be used to create a detectable signal. Neutral particles can be observed following their interaction with matter, producing one or several charged particles, that are subsequently detected. The development of particle detectors has occurred within the fields of nuclear and high‐energy particle physics. In this regime, the interest lies in reconstructing particles emanating from a particle interaction or from the decay of unstable particles or nuclei. The trajectories of the detected particles are recorded to reconstruct the kinematics (momentum and energy of the particles) of the reactions being observed. The particle trajectories are sampled as the particles pass through the detector elements. The sampled track positions are used to reconstruct the full trajectory. In addition to the kinematics of such reactions, spatial information is also important, especially when determining the distance that an unstable particle travels before decaying. The decay time distributions of unstable particles follow the exponential statistical time distributions of radioactive decays whose half‐lives or lifetimes are characteristic of the particle or the nuclear state being studied. For sufficiently long lifetimes, the combination of track length before decay and the reconstructed kinematics of the decay products are used to determine the decay time of individual decays. The ensemble of data is then used to extract the characteristic lifetime of the particle from the distribution of the individual decays. The most common particles that can be tracked and imaged include electrons, protons, some nuclei, muons, pions, kaons, and neutrinos. High‐energy photons (X rays and gamma rays) also have particlelike properties and provide great utility in imaging applications. The source of the particles can be radioactive tracers distributed within the object being imaged or an external source such as a radioactive source, a reactor, an accelerator, or cosmic rays.

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Organic Crystal Scintillators

Cited by 42 publications

References 74 publications

Broadband Emission in Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Halides of Group 12 Metals

Broadband Emission in Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Halides of Group 12 Metals

Scintillation Counters

Particle Detector Technology for Imaging

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