Organic dyes in illuminated manuscripts: a unique cultural and historic record

Melo, Maria João; Nabais, Paula; Guimarães, Maria Helena; Araújo, Rita; Castro, Rita; Oliveira, M. Conceição; Whitworth, Isabella

doi:10.1098/rsta.2016.0050

Cited by 35 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Raman spectroscopy was also applied to the identification of dyestuffs used for colouring the banknotes. Previous reports on the analysis of natural dyes such as indigo, [29,30] brazilwood, [31] or luteolin, [32] showed that Raman spectroscopy can be used as a tool for the characterization and identification of dyestuffs. However, the main drawback of its application is the strong fluorescence signal, which can be, in many cases, the dominant feature in the spectra.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Provenance studies ofKościuszko banknotes—One of the oldest paper banknotes in Europe—Using Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with other analytical techniques

Klisińska‐Kopacz

Lech

Hoyo‐Meléndez

et al. 2019

J Raman Spectroscopy

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The aim of this study was to establish the provenance of materials used in the manufacturing process of the Kościuszko banknotes. The applied methodology is mostly based on Raman investigations carried out using portable and benchtop instruments. Raman analysis allowed to identify smalt, an optical brightener typically used in paper production in the Netherlands. This result was also confirmed by X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry. The Raman investigation of ink and dyes was supported by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis and high‐performance liquid chromatography. The detection of typical local dyes such as reseda (Reseda luteola L.) and madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) suggested that the paper was dyed in Poland. The results also indicate the use of charcoal with an admixture of traces of bone black. Finally, a two‐step manufacturing process was identified. The paper was imported and then dyed and printed in Poland, instead of the original assumption, which was that the paper was manufactured and mass dyed abroad and the banknotes were later printed in Poland.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Provenance studies ofKościuszko banknotes—One of the oldest paper banknotes in Europe—Using Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with other analytical techniques

Klisińska‐Kopacz

Lech

Hoyo‐Meléndez

et al. 2019

J Raman Spectroscopy

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“…Additionally, the set of pigments used in manuscript illumination is relatively limited, and well-studied, making it possible to confidently identify examples of the most commonly encountered pigments, pigment mixtures, and painting techniques [31,32,33,34,35]. For example, purple pigments can be derived from natural materials such as mollusks, lichens or dye plants, or by using mixtures of blue pig-ments (e.g.…”

Section: Data and Experimental Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Alternative Approach to Mapping Pigments in Paintings With Hyperspectral Reflectance Image Cubes Using Artificial Intelligence

Kleynhans

Patterson

Dooley

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract Spectral imaging modalities, including reflectance and X-ray fluorescence, play an important role in conservation science. In reflectance hyperspectral imaging, the data are classified into areas having similar spectra and turned into labeled pigment maps using spectral features and fusing with other information. Direct classification and labeling remain challenging because many paints are intimate pigment mixtures that require a non-linear unmixing model for a robust solution. Neural networks have been successful in modeling non-linear mixtures in remote sensing with large training datasets. For paintings, however, existing spectral databases are small and do not encompass the diversity encountered. Given that painting practices are relatively consistent within schools of artistic practices, we tested the suitability of using reflectance spectra from a subgroup of well-characterized paintings to build a large database to train a one-dimensional (spectral) convolutional neural network. The labeled pigment maps produced were found to be robust within similar styles of paintings.

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“…Due to the molecular emission properties of red lakes, another potential mapping method is based on fluorescence. Microspectrofluorimetry has been used for lake pigment analysis on illuminated manuscripts and other artworks . These studies showed the need for analyzing reference paints in order to identify fluorescence spectral features characteristic of the lake.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Fluorescence Imaging Spectroscopy for Mapping Low Concentrations of Red Lake Pigments: Van Gogh's PaintingThe Olive Orchard

et al. 2020

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Vincent van Gogh used fugitive red lake pigments that have faded in some paintings. Mapping their distribution is key to understanding how his paintings have changed with time. While red lake pigments can be identified from microsamples, in situ identification and mapping remain challenging. This paper explores the ability of molecular fluorescence imaging spectroscopy to identify and, more importantly, map residual non‐degraded red lakes. The high sensitivity of this method enabled identification of the emission spectra of eosin (tetrabromine fluorescein) lake mixed with lead or zinc white at lower concentrations than elemental X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy used on account of bromine. The molecular fluorescence mapping of residual eosin and two carmine red lakes in van Gogh's The Olive Orchard is demonstrated and compared with XRF imaging spectroscopy. The red lakes are consistent with the composition of paint tubes known to have been used by van Gogh.

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Organic dyes in illuminated manuscripts: a unique cultural and historic record

Abstract: One contribution of 14 to a theme issue 'Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology'.

Cited by 35 publications

References 39 publications

Provenance studies ofKościuszko banknotes—One of the oldest paper banknotes in Europe—Using Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with other analytical techniques

Provenance studies ofKościuszko banknotes—One of the oldest paper banknotes in Europe—Using Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with other analytical techniques

An Alternative Approach to Mapping Pigments in Paintings With Hyperspectral Reflectance Image Cubes Using Artificial Intelligence

Molecular Fluorescence Imaging Spectroscopy for Mapping Low Concentrations of Red Lake Pigments: Van Gogh's PaintingThe Olive Orchard

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