Organic Electrochemical Transistors with Maximum Transconductance at Zero Gate Bias

Rivnay, Jonathan; Leleux, Pierre; Sessolo, Michele; Khodagholy, Dion; Hervé, Thierry; Fiocchi, Michel; Malliaras, George G.

doi:10.1002/adma.201303080

Cited by 248 publications

(317 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Moreover, the peak subthreshold slope is 60 mV/dec, among the lowest reported values for organic transistors (32). PEDOT:PSS OECTs can reach 75 mV/dec for very thin devices, but because they operate in depletion mode, V g > 0.7 V is required to turn the device off (33). For p(g2T-TT) OECTs, the devices turn on with the same subthreshold slope, at V g ∼0 V, regardless of channel dimension or thickness (SI Appendix, Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Controlling the mode of operation of organic transistors through side-chain engineering

Giovannitti

Sbircea

Inal

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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429

635

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Electrolyte-gated organic transistors offer low bias operation facilitated by direct contact of the transistor channel with an electrolyte. Their operation mode is generally defined by the dimensionality of charge transport, where a field-effect transistor allows for electrostatic charge accumulation at the electrolyte/semiconductor interface, whereas an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) facilitates penetration of ions into the bulk of the channel, considered a slow process, leading to volumetric doping and electronic transport. Conducting polymer OECTs allow for fast switching and high currents through incorporation of excess, hygroscopic ionic phases, but operate in depletion mode. Here, we show that the use of glycolated side chains on a thiophene backbone can result in accumulation mode OECTs with high currents, transconductance, and sharp subthreshold switching, while maintaining fast switching speeds. Compared with alkylated analogs of the same backbone, the triethylene glycol side chains shift the mode of operation of aqueous electrolyte-gated transistors from interfacial to bulk doping/transport and show complete and reversible electrochromism and high volumetric capacitance at low operating biases. We propose that the glycol side chains facilitate hydration and ion penetration, without compromising electronic mobility, and suggest that this synthetic approach can be used to guide the design of organic mixed conductors.organic electronics | electrochemical transistor | semiconducting polymers

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Controlling the mode of operation of organic transistors through side-chain engineering

Giovannitti

Sbircea

Inal

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

429

635

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“…α noise versus charge noise g m ¼ ΔI sd =ΔV LG . The PEDOT:PSS film is highly conductive at zero applied gate voltage (V LG ¼ 0 V) due to the intrinsic doping by PSS [8]. With an increasing positive V LG , potassium cations (K þ ) from the electrolyte enter the organic film, partially compensating the pendant sulphonate anions of the PSS and effectively decreasing the conductance [36].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…OECTs make use of hydrated conducting polymers which can change their conductivity by reversibly exchanging ions with an electrolyte. These processes take places at very low voltage (< 1 V) and, since the current modulation is proportional to the amount of charge injected into the polymer channel, high transconductance (g m ) can be achieved [7][8][9]. Since this working mechanism is especially favorable for a wide variety of sensing principles, OECTs have been implemented as enzymatic [10][11][12] and ion sensors [13], and they have been used both in vitro [14,15] and in vivo [7,16] to monitor biological [17] and electrophysiological [18] processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charge Noise in Organic Electrochemical Transistors

et al. 2017

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Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are increasingly studied as transducers in sensing applications. While much emphasis has been placed on analyzing and maximizing the OECT signal, noise has been mostly ignored, although it determines the resolution of the sensor. The major contribution to the noise in sensing devices is the 1=f noise, dominant at low frequency. In this work, we demonstrate that the 1=f noise in OECTs follows a charge-noise model, which reveals that the noise is due to charge fluctuations in proximity or within the bulk of the channel material. We present the noise scaling behavior with gate voltage, channel dimensions, and polymer thickness. Our results suggest the use of large area channels in order to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for biochemical and electrostatic sensing applications. A comparison with the literature shows that the magnitude of the noise in OECTs is similar to that observed in graphene transistors, and only slightly higher than that found in carbon nanotubes and silicon nanowire devices. In a model ion-sensing experiment with OECTs, we estimate crucial parameters such as the characteristic SNR and the corresponding limit of detection.

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“…23 Malliaras et al have recently demonstrated that the transconductance (dI ds /dV gs ) and the capacitance of PEDOT:PSS OECTs depend on channel thickness and aspect ratio. 24,25 Here, we investigate the effect of the PEDOT:PSS channel thickness on OECT modulation using two different electrolytes: the cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, also known as cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and NaCl. CTAB, beyond its critical micelle concentration (CMC), is known to lead to high current modulation in OECTs and it is therefore a model system to study the doping/dedoping process in OECTs.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of channel thickness, electrolyte ions, and dissolved oxygen on the performance of organic electrochemical transistors

Kumar

Zhang

et al. 2015

Applied Physics Letters

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We investigated the device characteristics of organic electrochemical transistors based on thin films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene-sulfonate). We employed various channel thicknesses and two different electrolytes: the micelle forming surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and NaCl. The highest ON/OFF ratios were achieved at low film thicknesses using CTAB as the electrolyte. Cyclic voltammetry suggests that a redox reaction between oxygen dissolved in the electrolytes and PEDOT:PSS leads to low ON/OFF ratios when NaCl is used as the electrolyte. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals that doping/dedoping of the channel becomes slower at high film thickness and in the presence of bulky ions.

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Organic Electrochemical Transistors with Maximum Transconductance at Zero Gate Bias

Cited by 248 publications

References 24 publications

Controlling the mode of operation of organic transistors through side-chain engineering

Controlling the mode of operation of organic transistors through side-chain engineering

Charge Noise in Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Effect of channel thickness, electrolyte ions, and dissolved oxygen on the performance of organic electrochemical transistors

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