4Consequences of the legal designation of protected areas (PAs) may be different for 5 different stakeholders, and at different spatial scales. In this study we analysed the 6 organisational perception on the effects of PA designation on sustainability from all 7 sectors of activity in Spain, accounting for PAs' legal stringency. A semi-structured 8 questionnaire was administered to 197 organisations at national, regional (Andalusia), 9 and local scales (two municipalities in the Almeria province, Andalusia) through an 10 online survey. Local stakeholders and the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors were 11 the most concerned about the social and economic impacts of PAs designation on their 12 organisations. On the contrary, organisations at the national or regional scales together 13 with public institutions, the quaternary sector and others miscellaneous perceived 14 chiefly positive effects. Only national organisations perceived increased local social and 15 economic effects from the designation of legally stringent PAs with regard to multiple-16 use PAs.17