Organic geochemical characteristics and depositional environment of Lower-Middle Miocene Küçükkuyu Formation, Edremit Gulf, NW Turkey

Abstract

The Lower-Middle Miocene Küçükkuyu Formation crops out extensively in the Edremit Gulf area (NW Turkey). In this study, shale samples from this unit were investigated to evaluate source rock characteristics, depositional conditions, and hydrocarbon potential. Outcrop samples of the Küçükkuyu Formation were taken from different locations and analyzed by Rock-Eval pyrolysis, vitrinite reflectance (R o ), stable carbon isotope (δ 13 C), total sulfur (TS), gas chromatography (GC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total organic carbon (TOC) values range from 0.23 to 6.1 wt.% with an average of 1.76 wt.% for the northern samples and 0.24 to 2.82 wt.% with an average of 1.66 wt.% for the southern samples around the Edremit Gulf. Hydrogen index (HI) values were up to 606 and 712 mg HC/g TOC in the north and south of the gulf, respectively. Organic matter type in the formation consists predominantly of Type II and III kerogen with a minor component of Type I kerogen. Tmax values ranging from 414 to 496 °C in the north and 423 to 446 °C in the south of the gulf indicate that most samples are at the beginning of the oil generation window and are thermally immature or early-mid-mature. Vitrinite reflectance (R o ) and biomarker maturity parameters support this result. Based on geological observations, biomarker distributions, and TOC/TS ratios, the Küçükkuyu Formation was deposited in a freshwater to slightly brackish water environment under anoxic-suboxic conditions with organic matter input from aquatic organisms and from terrestrial higher plants. According to Rock-Eval pyrolysis data, the Küçükkuyu Formation mostly has medium to good hydrocarbongeneration potential. However, as these potential source rocks are in general immature and/or early-mature, the hydrocarbon potential of the study area is very limited.

Biomarkers in Source Rocks from Barreirinha Formation (Devonian): Distribution and Paleoenvironment Significance

“…The CPI values found for the samples (> 1, Table 2) suggest low maturity of the studied samples, except for sample BA-02, which had a value slightly lower than 1 (CPI = 0.97). 78,79 The parameters Ts27/Tm27, Ts27/ (Ts27 + Tm27), Ts27/αβ30 and Ts29/(Ts29 + αβ29) (Table 3) present low values (< 1) suggesting the low thermal evolution of the samples. 51,63,70,71,80,81 The ratios of homohopanes (HH) 22S/(22S + 22R) have their equilibrium established between 0.57-0.62.…”