Organic–inorganic nanomatrix structure and properties of related naturally occurring rubbery macromolecules

Kawahara, Seiichi; Yusof, Norazah; Noguchi, Kenshi; Kosugi, Ken’ichirou; Yamamoto, Yasuhiko

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2014.07.026

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In the recent work [1], it was reported that the highest value of stress at break was achieved at 1.05 mol/kg rubber of monomer concentration. The value of stress at break was about three times as high as that of the DPNR (5 MPa).…”

Section: Scanning Probe Microscope Imagesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Here, the filler nanomatrix structure is defined as a nanostructure consisting of organic particles as the major component and inorganic matrices as the minor component. Thus, natural rubber with a filler nanomatrix structure may consist of natural rubber particles of about 1 μm in diameter and filler nanoparticles of about several nanometers in diameter, in which the filler nanoparticles are chemically linked to the natural rubber particles [1]. It is expected that the remarkable mechanical properties, required for high-performance applications, can be realized by the filler nanomatrix structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation and properties of natural rubber with filler nanomatrix structure

et al. 2015

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Natural rubber with filler nanomatrix structure was prepared by forming chemical linkages between natural rubber particles and filler nanoparticles. The filler nanomatrix structure was formed by graft copolymerization of vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) onto natural rubber particles in the latex stage followed by casting of the latex to prepare an as-cast film. The silica nanoparticles were produced during the graft copolymerization through hydrolysis and condensation, i.e., sol-gel reaction; hence, they linked to the natural rubber particles. The nanomatrix structure was observed by transmission electron microscopy, in which the natural rubber particles of about 1 μm in diameter were well dispersed in the filler nanomatrix. Tensile properties were significantly improved by forming filler nanomatrix structure. The loss modulus and loss tangent of the natural rubber with the filler nanomatrix structure were almost independent of deformation frequency in the rubbery plateau region, which was explained to be due to the energetic elasticity and entropic elasticity characteristic of the nanomatrix structure.

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Section: Scanning Probe Microscope Imagesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and properties of natural rubber with filler nanomatrix structure

et al. 2015

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“…In previous work, Isono et al have reported that the horizontal shift factor of rubber filled with carbon black particles was not changed by the changing of carbon black particles amount [36,38]. Kawahara et al have also reported that of natural rubber grafted with organosilane monomer was independent on the amount of silica [39,40]. Therefore, the recovery of the rubber-filler system is only affected by rubber.…”

Section: Energetic and Entropic Elasticity Of Graft Copolymermentioning

confidence: 97%

“…is a ratio of any relaxation time at one temperature to its value of the chosen reference temperature [27,[34][35][36][37][38][39]. In previous work, Isono et al have reported that the horizontal shift factor of rubber filled with carbon black particles was not changed by the changing of carbon black particles amount [36,38].…”

Section: Energetic and Entropic Elasticity Of Graft Copolymermentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Vietnam Modified Natural Rubber via Grafting with Styrene

Dung

Nhàn

Thương

et al. 2017

International Journal of Polymer Science

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The dynamic mechanical behavior of modified deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) prepared by graft copolymerization with various styrene contents was investigated at a wide range of temperatures. Graft copolymerization of styrene onto DPNR was performed in latex stage using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHPO) and tetraethylene pentamine (TEPA) as redox initiator. The mechanical properties were measured by tensile test and the viscoelastic properties of the resulting graft copolymers at wide range of temperature and frequency were investigated. It was found that the tensile strength depends on the grafted polystyrene; meanwhile the dynamic mechanical properties of the modification of DPNR meaningfully improved with the increasing of both homopolystyrene and grafted polystyrene compared to DPNR. The dynamic mechanical properties of graft copolymer over a large time scale were studied by constructing the master curves. The value of bT has been used to prove the energetic and entropic elasticity of the graft copolymer.

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“…In this case, we may expect the effects of the energetic elasticity due to the filler-filler and the filler-rubber interactions in addition to the entropic elasticity of the rubber, since the PS nanoparticles are densely dispersed in the nanomatrix. Based upon the previous study for the nanomatrix of silica, the frequency-independent tanδ was concerned with not only entropic elasticity but also the energetic elasticity [21,22]. In order to elucidate the origin of the unique tensile properties and viscoelastic properties, it is necessary to observe the morphology of DPNR-graft-PS with the nanomatrix structure after annealing at 403 K and 7 MPa.…”

Section: Observationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frozen non-equilibrium structure for anisotropically deformed natural rubber with nanomatrix structure observed by 3D FIB-SEM and electron tomography

et al. 2015

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Abstracts Effect of frozen non-equilibrium structure for anisotropically deformed natural rubber with the nanomatrix structure on mechanical properties was investigated with respect to morphology analysis through 3D observation. Natural rubber with the nanomatrix structure was prepared by graft copolymerization of styrene onto natural rubber particles in latex stage followed by coagulation of the resulting latex. The morphology was observed by electron tomography and focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). The nanomatrix structure in isotropic state was precisely analyzed by electron tomography and synchrotron scattering technique. The nanomatrix structure was found to consist of natural rubber particles and polystyrene nanoparticles. The frequency-independent loss tangent at plateau region was attributed to the discontinuous nanomatrix structure. After annealing at 403 K and 7 MPa, the nanomatrix became continuous, which resulted in the increases in stress at strain of one and storage modulus as well as increase in loss tangent.

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Organic–inorganic nanomatrix structure and properties of related naturally occurring rubbery macromolecules

Cited by 15 publications

References 17 publications

Preparation and properties of natural rubber with filler nanomatrix structure

Preparation and properties of natural rubber with filler nanomatrix structure

Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Vietnam Modified Natural Rubber via Grafting with Styrene

Frozen non-equilibrium structure for anisotropically deformed natural rubber with nanomatrix structure observed by 3D FIB-SEM and electron tomography

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