Organic-inorganic TCPP/BiOCl hybrids with accelerated interfacial charge separation for boosted photocatalytic performance

Oxidative Degradation of Pharmaceuticals: The Role of Tetrapyrrole-Based Catalysts

“…Under visible-light irradiation with a 150 W xenon lamp, Yao and Zhang performed the full degradation of a 25 mg/L solution of TC•HCl in 120 min using the hybrid catalyst FeTCPP@TDI-TiO 2 with a 1 g/L concentration [36], displaying a pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics with k obs = 2.9 × 10 −2 min −1 (Table 1, entry 8). On the other hand, Xia's group used bismuth oxyhalide as semiconductors instead of titanium dioxide, adsorbing FePc and TCPP onto BiOBr and BiOCl, respectively [19,37]. These results showed lower degradation rates (65% and 74% TC degradation for FePc@BiOBr and TCPP@BiOCl, respectively; Table 1, entries 9 and 10), using just 0.4 g/L catalyst loading.…”

“…These semiconductor-promoted oxidation mechanisms are complementary to the ROS formation pathways mentioned above for the TPM-based catalysts and thus potentiate drug degradation. [1,13] Thus, a significant portion of the work developed in this field has been focused on the development of hybrid catalysts comprising TPM immobilized in semiconductors [2,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22].…”

“…Other reports were delivered using tetrapyrrolic macrocycles incorporated onto/into semiconducting blends and used to degrade TC antibiotics, e.g., iron(II) meso-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (FeTCPP, Figure 2) covalently attached to TiO 2 through a toluene diisocyanate (TDI) linker (FeTCPP@TDI-TiO 2 ) [36], iron phthalocyanine (FePc, Figure 2) embedded onto semiconductor BiOBr (FePc@BiOBr) [37] and meso tetra(carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP, Figure 2) embedded onto BiOCl (TCPP@BiOCl) [19] (Table 1, entries 8-10). Under visible-light irradiation with a 150 W xenon lamp, Yao and Zhang performed the full degradation of a 25 mg/L solution of TC•HCl in 120 min using the hybrid catalyst FeTCPP@TDI-TiO 2 with a 1 g/L concentration [36], displaying a pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics with k obs = 2.9 × 10 −2 min −1 (Table 1, entry 8).…”

“…Xia used FePc@BiOBr and TCPP@BiOCl (concentration = 0.4 g/L) as photocatalysts in the degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP, Figure 1). These catalysts were able to degrade CIP in 55% and 42%, respectively, after 4 h and 2 h of visible-light Xe-lamp irradiation, respectively (Table 1, entries 9 and 10) [19,37]. TCPP@BiOCl was further used as a photocatalyst to degrade enrofloxacin (ENR, Figure 1), reaching 60% degradation after 120 min of irradiation (Table 1, entry 10) [19].…”

“…These catalysts were able to degrade CIP in 55% and 42%, respectively, after 4 h and 2 h of visible-light Xe-lamp irradiation, respectively (Table 1, entries 9 and 10) [19,37]. TCPP@BiOCl was further used as a photocatalyst to degrade enrofloxacin (ENR, Figure 1), reaching 60% degradation after 120 min of irradiation (Table 1, entry 10) [19]. Additionally, the same group prepared the catalyst FeTPP@Cr-TiO 2 by adsorbing FeTPP (Figure 2) onto chromium-doped TiO 2 [39].…”