Spanning the entire twentieth century, this essay explores the German encounter with modernity. In broad strokes it argues that the authoritarian modernization of the Empire claimed to be different and superior to the West. The loss of the First World War opened the door to Weimar’s democratization which was ended by the Great Depression. The organic modernity of Hitler’s Third Reich led into another World War and the Holocaust. The anti-fascist welfare dictatorship of the Socialist Unity Party (SED) turned out to be a dead end, since the German Democratic Republic (GDR) became a repressive Soviet satellite. Only the second attempt to create a democracy in the Federal Republic was so attractive that it overcame even the German division. Tired of such extremes, most Germans finally accepted liberal self-government and a social market economy, becoming a pillar of European integration. From this perspective, German history in the twentieth century can therefore be read as a partly failed and ultimately successful search for a humane form of modernity.