Organic or not organic – that is the question: How the knowledge about the origin of chlorinated compounds can help to reduce formation of 3‐MCPD esters

Matthäus, Bertrand

doi:10.1002/ejlt.201200374

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Mechanizmy powstawania MCPD i DCP oraz ich estrów zostały przedstawione w wielu publikacjach [9,14,34,59,60,67,71]. Analizowana jest także możliwość udziału związków chloroorganicznych rozpuszczalnych w fazie olejowej w powstawaniu 3-MCPD i jego estrów [53,58]. Nagy i wsp.…”

Section: Powstawanie Chloropropanodioli I Dichloropropanoli W żYwnościunclassified

Chloropropanols, Chloropropandiols and Their Esters in Food – Formation, Occurrence, Determination, Reduction of Content

Kowalska

Kozłowska

et al. 2015

zntj

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Section: Powstawanie Chloropropanodioli I Dichloropropanoli W żYwnościunclassified

Chloropropanols, Chloropropandiols and Their Esters in Food – Formation, Occurrence, Determination, Reduction of Content

Kowalska

Kozłowska

et al. 2015

zntj

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“…Esters of 3‐ and 2‐MCPD are formed during the deodorisation step of edible oil refining either from partial acylglycerols (Svejkovská et al., ; Hrncirik and Ermacora, ; Hamlet et al., ; Matthäus, ; Shimizu et al., ; Freudenstein et al., ) or from triacylglycerol (Destaillats et al., ). Partial acylglycerols form MCPD fatty acid esters more readily than triacylglycerol (Svejkovská et al., ; Matthäus et al., ; Shimizu et al., ; Freudenstein et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks for human health related to the presence of 3‐ and 2‐monochloropropanediol (MCPD), and their fatty acid esters, and glycidyl fatty acid esters in food

Wallace¹,

Alexander²,

Barregård³

et al. 2016

EFS2

132

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EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on free and esterified 3-and 2-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol (MCPD) and glycidyl esters in food. Esters of 3-and 2-MCPD and glycidol are contaminants of processed vegetable oils; free MCPDs are formed in some processed foods. The Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) evaluated 7,175 occurrence data. Esters of 3-and 2-MCPD and glycidyl esters were found at the highest levels in palm oil/fat, but most vegetable oil/fats contain substantial quantities. Mean middle bound (MB) dietary exposure values to total 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD and glycidol, respectively, across surveys and age groups in µg/kg body weight (bw) per day were 0.2-1.5, 0.1-0.7 and 0.1-0.9; high exposure (P95) values were 0.3-2.6, 0.2-1.2 and 0.2-2.1. Animal studies show extensive hydrolysis of esterified 3-MCPD and glycidol following oral administration; esterified and free forms were assumed to contribute equally to internal exposures. Nephrotoxicity was consistently observed in rats treated with 3-MCPD. Data on 2-MCPD toxicity were insufficient for dose-response assessments. Chronic treatment with glycidol increased the incidence of tumours in several tissues of rats and mice, likely via a genotoxic mode of action. The Panel selected a BMDL 10 value for 3-MCPD of 0.077 mg/kg bw per day for induction of renal tubular hyperplasia in rats and derived a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.8 µg/kg bw per day. The mean exposure to 3-MCPD was above the TDI for 'Infants', 'Toddlers' and 'Other children'. For glycidol, the Panel selected a T25 value of 10.2 mg/kg bw per day for neoplastic effects in rats. The margins of exposure (MoEs) were 11,300-102,000 and 4,900-51,000 across surveys and age groups at mean and P95 exposures, respectively. An exposure scenario for infants receiving formula only resulted in MoEs of 5,500 (mean) and 2,100 (P95). MoEs of 25,000 or higher were considered of low health concern. Amendment: A few editorial amendments were carried out that do not materially affect the contents of the outcome of this scientific output: on pages 5 and 91 'chorine' has been replaced with 'chlorine'; on page 52 the word 'it' has been replaced by 'its' in the first paragraph after Figure 7; on page 54 in the Repeated dose section the reference to MCPD has been replaced with 3-MCPD; on page 54 the 429.5 mg/kg bw day dose has been replaced with 29.5 mg/kg bw day; on page 55 in the first paragraph of the Hematology section the reference 'mg/kg per day' has been replaced with 'mg/kg bw per day; on page 55 the year for the reference Marchesini et al. has been changed from 1989 to 1986; on page 59, in the first paragraph of the Developmental toxicity section the word 'days' has been cancelled; on page 65 the reference 'Onami et al., 2014a,b' has been replaced with 'Onami et al., 2014b'; on page 85 first paragraph, reference to the lowest T25 of 10 has been replaced to 10.2. To avoid confusion, the older version has been removed from the EFSA Journal, but is available on request, as is a version sho...

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“…These inorganic salts, which are higher in polarity, could be extracted using polar solvent. Laboratory experiments of removing inorganic chlorine using water and water-alcohol mixtures in crude oils have been able to reduce the formation of 3-MCPDE but not GE in refined oils 5,10 .…”

Section: Cpo Washing At Palm Oil Millmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The esters are a result of high temperature processing where chlorinated compounds react with acylglycerols to form a mixture of 2-and 3-MCPDE 3 . Unlike seed oils such as soybean, sunflower, canola and corn oils, palm oil has been found to contain relatively higher amount of these contaminants due to the uptake of chlorinated compounds into the oil palm, possibly from soil and fertilisers 4,5 . Abd.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary Large Scale Mitigation of 3-Monochloropropane-1, 2-diol (3-MCPD) Esters and Glycidyl Esters in Palm Oil

et al. 2020

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Organic or not organic – that is the question: How the knowledge about the origin of chlorinated compounds can help to reduce formation of 3‐MCPD esters

Abstract: Organic or not organic – That is the question: How the knowledge about the origin of the chlorinated compounds can help to reduce formation of 3‐MCPD esters

Cited by 14 publications

References 6 publications

Chloropropanols, Chloropropandiols and Their Esters in Food – Formation, Occurrence, Determination, Reduction of Content

Chloropropanols, Chloropropandiols and Their Esters in Food – Formation, Occurrence, Determination, Reduction of Content

Risks for human health related to the presence of 3‐ and 2‐monochloropropanediol (MCPD), and their fatty acid esters, and glycidyl fatty acid esters in food

Preliminary Large Scale Mitigation of 3-Monochloropropane-1, 2-diol (3-MCPD) Esters and Glycidyl Esters in Palm Oil

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