Organic pollutants in sea-surface microlayer and aerosol in the coastal environment of Leghorn—(Tyrrhenian Sea)

Abstract

The levels of dissolved and particle-associated n-alkanes, alkylbenzenes, phthalates, PAHs, anionic surfactants and Ž . Ž . Ž . surfactant fluorescent organic matter SFOM were measured in sea-surface microlayer SML and sub-surface water SSL samples collected in the Leghorn marine environment in September and October 1999.Nine stations, located in the Leghorn harbour and at increasing distances from the Port, were sampled three times on the same day. At all the stations, SML concentrations of the selected organic compounds were significantly higher than SSL Ž . values and the enrichment factors EF s SML concentrationrSSL concentration were greater in the particulate phase than in the dissolved phase. Ž SML concentrations varied greatly among the sampling sites, the highest levels n-alkanes 3674 mgrl, phthalates 177 . mgrl, total PAHs 226 mgrl being found in the particulate phase in the Leghorn harbour.To improve the knowledge on pollutant exchanges between sea-surface waters and atmosphere, the validity of spray drop Ž . adsorption model SDAM was verified for SFOM, surface-active agents, such as phthalates, and compounds which can interact with SFOM, such as n-alkanes and PAHs.

PCBs and PAHs in sea-surface microlayer and sub-surface water samples of the Venice Lagoon (Italy)

“…3b). By contrast, an evident preferential accumulation in sea-surface microlayer waters is observed for the Ôpartic-ulateÕ phase, despite the fact that EF values are lower than those reported by other authors (Cincinelli et al, 2001;Liu and Dickhut, 1997). It is useful to notice that at station 1 the highest EF for both ÔdissolvedÕ and ÔparticulateÕ phases are relative to samples collected when sun irradiation was lowest, probably related to the reduced photo-degradation that may occur in the sea-surface microlayer (Schroeder and Lane, 1988); however no particular seasonal trend can be deduced.…”

“…Despite the fact that important industrial and urban districts are located near the sampling sites, the PAH concentrations found in the sea-surface microlayer waters of the Venice Lagoon are lower than the values found in other coastal areas: at Livorno (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) Cincinelli et al (2001) report total concentrations ranging from 1.8 lg/l to 157 lg/l; on the Alexandria coast (Egypt) the mean concentration was 245 ng/l (El Nemr and Abd-Allah, 2003) while at Winyah Bay and North Inlet (South Carolina) it was 650 ± 1200 ng/l (Kucklick and Bidleman, 1994). The PAH concentrations found in this study are also lower than those reported by Cleary et al (2000) for sea-surface microlayer samples collected in 1993 close to the island of Venice, which ranged from 7.18 lg/l to 10.416 lg/l.…”

“…SML and SSW samples were simultaneously collected by the Multi-Use Microlayer Sampler (MUMS; Cincinelli et al, 2001), an autonomous floating device which is electrically powered and radio-controlled. The MUMS collected the sea-surface microlayer water (mean thickness: <50 lm; covered area: about 100 m 2 ) by means of a rotating Pyrex glass drum and a Mylar scraper removed it from the glass surface.…”

Enrichment of organic pollutants in the sea surface microlayer (SML) at Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica: influence of SML on superficial snow composition

“…SML and SSL samples were collected under calm sea conditions, by Multi-Use Microlayer Sampler (MUMS), 8,26 which is based on the method proposed by Harvey. 27 Briefly, the sampler consisted in a radio-controlled catamaran, with a Pyrex glass rotating drum (315 mm diameter, 500 mm length, 6 rpm speed).…”

“…Fractions I and III were analysed on a Varian 4290 gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), according to a procedure and a temperature program described elsewhere. 8 Separation and identification of the investigated PAHs (FL, PHE, ANT, FLT, PY, BaA, CHRY, BbF, BkF, BaP, DBA, BghiP and IP) were achieved according to Cincinelli et al, 8 by using a Shimadzu (Milan, Italy) HPLC system equipped with two LC-10ADvp pumps, a photodiode array detector SDP M10AVP and a spectrofluorometric detector RF-551.…”