Organic solvent-free sugar-based transparency nanopatterning material derived from biomass for eco-friendly optical biochips using green lithography

Insight and Recent Advances into the Role of Topography on the Cell Differentiation and Proliferation on Biopolymeric Surfaces

“…There is a tremendous amount of periodic surface relief patterns exhibiting a certain shape, dimension and function [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. Such periodic patterns are mainly obtained from polymer-based systems (generally, polymers are cheap and yet highly processable materials) [ 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ], through the use of various top-down and bottom-up methodologies [ 21 , 48 ].…”

“…Because relief patterns can be filled with multifunctional materials of different size and shape, a variety of multifunctional platforms can be developed and used in a plethora of applications [ 21 ], including biological ones [ 42 , 49 , 50 ]. Biopolymeric surface relief patterns represent an interesting category of relief patterns, as they can be employed to design puzzling experiments in cell growth [ 13 ] or at the biology-electronics interface [ 43 ], and can be obtained by sculpturing biopolymeric films [ 13 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 51 , 52 ]. For instance, through the use of photolithography, porous films of biopolymers such as chitosan, starch and their blend can be obtained with the aid of light, by inducing specific chemical changes that allow the (bio)photoresist to be removed later on [ 13 ].…”

“…While the electrons change the solubility of the resist and allow selective removal of exposed or nonexposed regions by subsequent etching in a solvent, ions might be used to remove parts of biopolymer-based resists. For both techniques, the resist type and quality are highly important [ 43 , 55 , 56 ] when beautiful lines/spacing gratings, moth-eye patterns, or pads are to be fabricated in sugar-based polymers, biotinylated polyethylene glycol (PEG), DNA oligonucleotides, neutravidin, anti-mouse IgG [ 41 , 43 , 57 ]. More details on biopolymers-based patterns created using EBL and IBL can be found in the literature [ 20 ].…”

Multifunctional Structured Platforms: From Patterning of Polymer-Based Films to Their Subsequent Filling with Various Nanomaterials

“…Sometimes, depending on the resist type, EBL can also induce unwanted competing chemistries including surface-grafting or cross-linking or changes in chemical functionality [ 67 ]. For the preparation and optimization of the right resist, we advise our readers to follow suggestive examples given in the literature by Pfirrmann, Takei, and Wieberger and their collaborators [ 68 , 69 , 70 ]. They have demonstrated (see Table 1 ) that cardioids structures, line and space, grating, or moth-eye patterns can be fabricated by EBL.…”

“…They have demonstrated (see Table 1 ) that cardioids structures, line and space, grating, or moth-eye patterns can be fabricated by EBL. This is possible when using optimized resists based either on organic sugar-based materials derived from biomass [ 69 ] or on various copolymers exhibiting different compositions [ 68 ] and synthesized from methyl adamantyl methacrylate, hydroxyl adamantyl methacrylate, and α-gamma butyrolactone methacrylate monomers [ 70 ]. Although these resists are generally deposited via spin casting on solid substrates, there are cases when a resist is deposited through the thermal evaporation on irregular surfaces [ 24 ].…”