Organic synthesis: the art and science of replicating the molecules of living nature and creating others like them in the laboratory

Nicolaou, K. C.

doi:10.1098/rspa.2013.0690

Cited by 93 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Nevertheless, even though a myriad of natural bioactive substances are being discovered and published every year [78,79], natural biocide compounds are generally too complex to synthesize, and the greatest obstacle to producing green biocides at large scale and mass production levels are the technical challenges associated with developing practicable methods of synthesis that can scale to metric tonnes of output [80,81].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Which Ballast Water Management System Will You Put Aboard? Remnant Anxieties: A Mini-Review

Batista

Fernandes

Lopes³

et al. 2017

Environments

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An accepted solution to the environmental problems related to a ship's ballast water has been the adoption and proper utilization of approved onboard ballast water plans and management systems (BWMS). On 8 September 2017, the International Maritime Organization Ballast Water Management Convention comes into force, and under this Convention, ships engaged in international trade must have an approved BWMS aboard to discharge ballast water, reducing species transfer. In response to enormous global concern about this problem, the overwhelming majority of the BWMS, approved currently for use by International Maritime Organization (IMO) and United States Coast Guard, utilize two main technologies (electro-chlorination or ultraviolet irradiation) as their principle mode of disinfection, often used in combination with filtration. However, both technologies have been questioned regarding their practically, efficiency, and possible environmental impacts upon discharge. This review article aims to explore some questions about these two technologies, drawing attention to some current uncertainties associated with their use. Also, it draws attention to some technical obstacles and regulatory impediments related to the new development of green biocide technology, which largely has been ignored, despite its potential as a simpler, cleaner and effective technology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Which Ballast Water Management System Will You Put Aboard? Remnant Anxieties: A Mini-Review

Batista

Fernandes

Lopes³

et al. 2017

Environments

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“…[4] Over the past nearly 200 years, there has been tremendous progress on this front, [5] and small molecules have made many important impacts. Such compounds serve as most of our best medicines, biological probes, crop protectants, food preservatives, as well as key components in organic materials, dyes, paints, perfumes, flavorants, and lotions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3] Around the same time,t he first organic molecules were synthesized by hand, opening the possibility of rational toolmaking on the molecular scale. [4] Over the past nearly 200 years,there has been tremendous progress on this front, [5] and small molecules have made many important impacts. Such compounds serve as most of our best medicines, biological probes,c rop protectants,f ood preservatives,a s well as key components in organic materials,d yes,p aints, perfumes,f lavorants,a nd lotions.G iven all this impact already,i ti se xciting to consider that most of the functional potential that small molecules possess likely remains untapped.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Molecular Industrial Revolution: Automated Synthesis of Small Molecules

2018

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The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries marked a sweeping transition from manual to automated manufacturing on the macroscopic scale. This enabled an unmatched period of human innovation that helped drive the Industrial Revolution. The impact on society was transformative, ultimately yielding substantial improvements in living conditions and lifespan in many parts of the world. During the same time period, the first manual syntheses of organic molecules was achieved. Now, two centuries later, we are poised for an analogous transition from highly customized crafting of specific molecular targets by hand to the increasingly general and automated assembly of many different types of molecules with the push of a button. Automation of customized small molecule synthesis pathways is already enabling safer, more reproducible, and readily scalable production of specific targets, and general machines now exist for the synthesis of a wide range of different peptides, oligonucleotides, and oligosaccharides. Creating general machines that are similarly capable of making many different types of small molecules on-demand, akin to that which has been achieved on the macroscopic scale with 3D printers, has proven to be substantially more challenging. Yet important progress is being made toward this potentially transformative objective with two complementary approaches: (1) automation of customized synthesis routes to different targets via machines that enable use of many different reactions and starting materials, and (2) automation of generalized platforms that make many different targets using common coupling chemistry and building blocks. Continued progress in these exciting directions has the potential to shift the bottleneck in molecular innovation from synthesis to imagination, and thereby help drive a new industrial revolution on the molecular scale.

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“…Organic synthesis, in spite of many notable advances, especially in the synthesis of prevalent Natural Product (NP) backbones containing fiveand six-membered ring compounds (Nicolaou, 2014;Piers and Karunaratne, 1983;Posner, 1986), has not become the panacea for the production of NPs for the pharmaceutical industry. NPs, which are specialized metabolites produced by plants, animals and microorganisms, with diverse chemical structures and biological activities are valuable in a clinical setting, with half of small molecule drugs approved during the past three decades being derived from NPs (Newman and Cragg, 2012).…”

Section: Future Therapeutics Through Synthetic Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Future therapeutics through synthetic biology

Karunaratne¹

2017

Ceylon J. Sci.

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Organic synthesis: the art and science of replicating the molecules of living nature and creating others like them in the laboratory

Cited by 93 publications

References 34 publications

Which Ballast Water Management System Will You Put Aboard? Remnant Anxieties: A Mini-Review

Which Ballast Water Management System Will You Put Aboard? Remnant Anxieties: A Mini-Review

The Molecular Industrial Revolution: Automated Synthesis of Small Molecules

Future therapeutics through synthetic biology

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