Organismic integration as a dynamic process: a systematic review of empirical studies on change in behavioral regulations in exercise in adults

Wasserkampf, Anna; Kleinert, Jens

doi:10.1080/1750984x.2015.1119873

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Specifically, we first modeled change in exercise identity and exercise motivation over a period of 6 months. In line with recent findings on longitudinal changes in exercise motivation and the internalization processes proposed by SDT, we hypothesized an increase in the high self‐determined types of motivation (ie, intrinsic motivation, identified regulation) and a decrease in the low self‐determined types of motivation (ie, introjected and external regulation) and amotivation for the participants overtime. Based on previous findings showing increases in exercise identity over a 14‐week exercise class, we hypothesized increases in exercise identity over the study period among the exercisers.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…Both types of motivation are self‐determined in nature and have been shown to be amenable to change in situations in which the social context is supportive of exercisers’ basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness . However, introjected regulation, the third type of motivation that was shown to be reciprocally related to exercise identity in our study, is a maladaptive form of motivation, as it represents motivation to act due to internal pressures and contingencies (although in the short term, this regulation has been found to be a positive predictor of behavioral engagement). Such contingencies are also captured in some of the exercise beliefs items of EIS (eg, “I need to exercise to feel good about myself”).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

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Longitudinal associations between exercise identity and exercise motivation: A multilevel growth curve model approach

Ntoumanis

Stenling

Thøgersen‐Ntoumani

et al. 2017

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Past work linking exercise identity and exercise motivation has been cross-sectional. This is the first study to model the relations between different types of exercise identity and exercise motivation longitudinally. Understanding the dynamic associations between these sets of variables has implications for theory development and applied research. This was a longitudinal survey study. Participants were 180 exercisers (79 men, 101 women) from Greece, who were recruited from fitness centers and were asked to complete questionnaires assessing exercise identity (exercise beliefs and role-identity) and exercise motivation (intrinsic, identified, introjected, external motivation, and amotivation) three times within a 6 month period. Multilevel growth curve modeling examined the role of motivational regulations as within- and between-level predictors of exercise identity, and a model in which exercise identity predicted exercise motivation at the within- and between-person levels. Results showed that within-person changes in intrinsic motivation, introjected, and identified regulations were positively and reciprocally related to within-person changes in exercise beliefs; intrinsic motivation was also a positive predictor of within-person changes in role-identity but not vice versa. Between-person differences in the means of predictor variables were predictive of initial levels and average rates of change in the outcome variables. The findings show support to the proposition that a strong exercise identity (particularly exercise beliefs) can foster motivation for behaviors that reinforce this identity. We also demonstrate that such relations can be reciprocal overtime and can depend on the type of motivation in question as well as between-person differences in absolute levels of these variables.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Longitudinal associations between exercise identity and exercise motivation: A multilevel growth curve model approach

Ntoumanis

Stenling

Thøgersen‐Ntoumani

et al. 2017

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Even though previous training interventions have also found changes in autonomous motivation between baseline and four weeks [53], it would have been very interesting to investigate the longevity of the FL intervention with a follow-up at a later time (e.g., 1-2 months). Changes in boys' AM was not expected since others claim that changes in external motivation take a somewhat longer time, with the earliest changes detected six to eight weeks after the baseline [54]. Since the escalation in AM is exclusive to boys, we have argued that it is a result of the activity change from sport-oriented PE to more play-like PE.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…In training interventions, autonomous regulations appear to increase over time, with increases being present already between the baseline and four weeks [53]. It appears that changes in external motivation take a somewhat longer time, with the earliest changes detected six to eight weeks after the baseline [54].…”

Section: Motivation In Pementioning

confidence: 98%

The Impact of Flipped Learning on Cognitive Knowledge Learning and Intrinsic Motivation in Norwegian Secondary Physical Education

Østerlie

Mehus

2020

Education Sciences

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The purpose of the present study was to examine if and how the introduction of a flipped learning (FL) framework in Norwegian lower and upper secondary school physical education (PE) could affect student situational motivation and health-related fitness knowledge (HRFK). 206 Norwegian students (48% girls) from secondary and upper secondary schools were included in a three-week-long intervention. 85 students were assigned to an intervention group and 121 students to a control group, with the intervention aimed at integrating information communication technology (ICT) through the use of online videos. The results showed a negative motivational change for male students unless the activity changes were placed within an explanatory rationale through FL. The application of FL caused more cognitive knowledge learning, resulting in higher levels of HRFK among both girls and boys. The current research provided valuable insights into Norwegian students' motivation for PE and that cognitive knowledge learning can be affected when integrating the use of ICT in PE.

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“…guilt, shame): instead of being pressurised to comply with norms, patients attempt to align introjected-related reasons to their beliefs and attitudes thereby compensating for the pressure to comply with norms and expectations, in the hope to making the internal sanctions inherent within introjected regulation bearable (i.e. pressure-free and balanced), when exercising (Wasserkampf & Kleinert, 2016 ). Although the moderate-controlled cluster type has been previously found among inactive individuals (Friederichs et al., 2015 ), further research is needed to determine exactly how introjected and identified regulations affect each other in obese patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Becoming active post-hospitalisation discharge – an exploration of motivational profiles during exercise change in obese patients

Wasserkampf

Kleinert

Chermette

2018

Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine

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Despite the urgent need to prevent weight regain in the long-term, it remains questionable whether inpatient multicomponent behavioural obesity treatments positively impact their patients, leaving them with favourable (i.e. autonomous) motivational profiles towards exercising. Based on Organismic Integration Theory, a sub-theory of Self-Determination Theory, this study retrospectively examined how exercise motivational profiles relate to exercise behaviour outcomes of a behavioural obesity treatment. Obese patients for whom outpatient treatment was deemed ineffective (N = 262; 34.2% female, body mass index >30 kg/m 2 ) were administered to a 3-week inpatient obesity treatment. The study design incorporates both longitudinal and retrospective cross-sectional aspects. Patients completed questionnaires concerning exercise behaviour (pre-hospitalisation/ 6 months post-discharge) and behavioural regulations (6 months post-discharge). Exercise motivational profiles were generated based on the six behavioural regulations using K-means nonhierarchical cluster analysis. The self-reported dependent variable represents a change in patients' exercise status (i.e. remaining inactive, becoming active). Chi-square tests related motivational profiles to exercise behaviour. Three profiles emerged: a moderate-controlled cluster (n = 80), a moderate-autonomous cluster (n = 78) and a high-autonomous cluster (n = 104). Of the patients who became active over time, the majority belonged to the highautonomous cluster. No significant differences were found between patients who became active or remained inactive and whether they belonged to the moderate-controlled or moderateautonomous cluster. Although the moderate-controlled and moderate-autonomous clusters differ greatly in their motivational quality, moderately controlled motivation does not seem detrimental regarding exercise change, as both clusters result in similar exercise behaviour outcomes. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Organismic integration as a dynamic process: a systematic review of empirical studies on change in behavioral regulations in exercise in adults

Cited by 18 publications

References 62 publications

Longitudinal associations between exercise identity and exercise motivation: A multilevel growth curve model approach

Longitudinal associations between exercise identity and exercise motivation: A multilevel growth curve model approach

The Impact of Flipped Learning on Cognitive Knowledge Learning and Intrinsic Motivation in Norwegian Secondary Physical Education

Becoming active post-hospitalisation discharge – an exploration of motivational profiles during exercise change in obese patients

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