The Pseudomonas eenrginou) dip2 gene has been cloned and sequenced. Whereas disruption of Escherichie COIi dip2 (dolbD), the hydrophilic C-terminal domain of which has been deduced to be periplasmic and to function as a protein-disulfide reductase, leads to the absence of c-type cytochromes, disruption of P. aenrginou) dip2 attenuated, but did not abolish, holo-c-type cytochrome biosynthesis. Comparison of the P. aenrginosa DipZ sequence with three other DipZ sequences indicated that there are not only two conserved cysteine residues in the C-terminal hydrophilie domain, but also two more in the central highly hydrophobic domain. The latter would be located toward the centre of two of the eight membrane-spanning oc-helices predicted t o compose the hydrophobic central domain of DipZ. Both these cysteine residues, plus other transmembrane helix residues, notably prolines and glycines, are also conserved in a t ( w p of membrane proteins, related t o Bacillus subtilis CcdA, which lack the N-and C-terminal hydrophilic domains of the DipZ proteins. It is proposed that Dip2 of P. eenrginosa and other organisms transfers reducing power from the cytoplasm t o the periplasm through reduction and reoxidation of an intramembrane disulf ide bond, or other mechanism involving these cysteine residues, and that this function can also be performed by B. subtoltr CcdA and other CcdA-like proteins. The failure of dip2 disruption to abolish etype cytochrome synthesis in P. eenrginosa suggests that, in contrast to the situation in E. d i , the absence of DipZ can be compensated for by one or more other proteins, for example a CcdA-like protein acting in tandem with one or more thioredoxin-like proteins.