Organization and post‐natal development of the monkey's lateral geniculate nucleus.

Blakemore, Colin; Vital‐Durand, François

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1986.sp016297

Cited by 217 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Visually evoked firing in infants, however, was generally robust and seemed only slightly less vigorous than in adults. It has been reported that the peak firing rate of neurons in the primate LGN is relatively low in young animals and that cells fatigue easily and are generally sluggish (Blakemore and Vital-Durand, 1986;Hawken et al, 1997), but we did not find infant neurons to be especially sluggish or prone to fatigue. Peak evoked firing rates for our cells grew only a little during development-the mean peak modulated rate in 1-week-old animals was 21.3 ips, growing to 26.2 ips at 4 weeks, and 28.4 ips in adults; the median rates followed a similar trend (14.3, 22.3, and 23.1 ips, respectively); M-and P-cells improved at similar rates.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 89%

“…The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) receives information from all of the major classes of ganglion cells and provides the afferent input to the primary visual cortex. Two previous studies of development in primate LGN suggest a correlation between acuity and contrast sensitivity development, and the maturation of receptive field properties in LGN neurons (Blakemore and Vital-Durand, 1986;Hawken et al, 1997). Blakemore and Vital-Durand (1986) found neurons in infants to be visually responsive, but sluggish, weak, and with a tendency to fatigue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Two previous studies of development in primate LGN suggest a correlation between acuity and contrast sensitivity development, and the maturation of receptive field properties in LGN neurons (Blakemore and Vital-Durand, 1986;Hawken et al, 1997). Blakemore and Vital-Durand (1986) found neurons in infants to be visually responsive, but sluggish, weak, and with a tendency to fatigue. The resolution of LGN cells at different ages, assessed qualitatively, was reasonably well matched to behaviorally measured acuity up to age ϳ3 months.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…However, previous studies were rather limited. Blakemore and Vital-Durand (1986) concentrated on a qualitative analysis of spatial resolution, whereas Hawken et al (1997) concentrated on magnocellular (M)-cells. Because it is critical to know precisely what limits to visual development are established at or before the level of the LGN, we conducted a systematic quantitative examination of the maturation of visual signaling of spatial, temporal, and contrast information.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional Maturation of the Macaque's Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Movshon¹,

Kiorpes²,

Hawken³

et al. 2005

J. Neurosci.

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Vision in infant primates is poor, but it is not known which structures in the eye or brain set the main limits to its development. We studied the visual response properties of 348 neurons recorded in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of macaque monkeys aged 1 week to adult. We measured spatial and temporal frequency tuning curves and contrast responses with drifting achromatic sinusoidal gratings. Even in animals as young as 1 week, the main visual response properties of neurons in the magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) divisions of the LGN were qualitatively normal, including the spatial organization of receptive fields and the characteristic response properties that differentiate M-and P-cells. At 1 and 4 weeks, spatial and temporal resolution were less than one-half of adult values, whereas contrast gain and peak response rates for optimal stimuli were about two-thirds of adult values. Adult levels were reached by 24 weeks. Analysis of correlations between S-potentials representing retinal inputs and LGN cells suggested that the LGN follows retinal input as faithfully in infants as in adults, implicating retinal development as the main driving force in LGN development. Comparisons with previously published psychophysical data and ideal observer models suggest that the relatively modest changes in LGN responses during maturation impose no significant limits on visual performance. In contrast to previous studies, we conclude that these limits are set by neural development in the visual cortex, not in or peripheral to the LGN.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Functional Maturation of the Macaque's Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Movshon¹,

Kiorpes²,

Hawken³

et al. 2005

J. Neurosci.

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“…Cells with similar visual response properties, the Y-cells, were first observed more than forty years ago in the cat retina (Enroth-Cugell and Robson, 1966). The original observation of the cat Y-cells was followed by a decades-long search for the counterpart of these cells both in the primate retina and in the primate lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) (de Monasterio, 1978;Kaplan and Shapley, 1982;Derrington and Lennie, 1984;Blakemore and Vital-Durand, 1986;Benardete et al, 1992;Levitt et al, 2001;White et al, 2002). Until this report, no clear evidence had been found for a distinct type of Y-like retinal ganglion cell in the primate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and Characterization of a Y-Like Primate Retinal Ganglion Cell Type

Petrusca

Grivich²,

Sher³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

154

227

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The primate retina communicates visual information to the brain via a set of parallel pathways that originate from at least 22 anatomically distinct types of retinal ganglion cells. Knowledge of the physiological properties of these ganglion cell types is of critical importance for understanding the functioning of the primate visual system. Nonetheless, the physiological properties of only a handful of retinal ganglion cell types have been studied in detail. Here we show, using a newly developed multielectrode array system for the large-scale recording of neural activity, the existence of a physiologically distinct population of ganglion cells in the primate retina with distinctive visual response properties. These cells, which we will refer to as upsilon cells, are characterized by large receptive fields, rapid and transient responses to light, and significant nonlinearities in their spatial summation. Based on the measured properties of these cells, we speculate that they correspond to the smooth/large radiate cells recently identified morphologically in the primate retina and may therefore provide visual input to both the lateral geniculate nucleus and the superior colliculus. We further speculate that the upsilon cells may be the primate retina's counterparts of the Y-cells observed in the cat and other mammalian species.

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Comparison of photoreceptor spatial density and ganglion cell morphology in the retina of human, macaque monkey, cat, and the marmosetCallithrix jacchus

1996

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We studied the relationship between the morphology of ganglion cells and the spatial density of photoreceptors in the retina of two Old World primates, human and macaque monkey; the diurnal New World marmoset Callithrix jacchus; and the cat. Ganglion cells in macaque and marmoset were labelled by intracellular injection with Neurobiotin or by DiI diffusion labelling in fixed tissue. Cone photoreceptor densities were measured from the same retinas. Supplemental data for macaque and data for human and cat were taken from published studies. For the primates studied, the central retina is characterised by a constant numerical convergence of cones to ganglion cells. Midget ganglion cells derive their input, via a midget bipolar cell, from a single cone. Parasol cells derive their input from 40-140 cones. Outside the central retina, the convergence increases with eccentricity. The convergence to beta cells in the cat retina is very close to that for parasol cells in primate retina. The convergence of rod photoreceptors to ganglion cells is similar in human, macaque, and marmoset, with parasol cells receiving input from 10-15 times more rods than midget cells. The low convergence of cones to midget cells in human and macaque retinas is associated with distinctive dendritic "clusters" in midget cells' dendritic fields. Convergence in marmoset is higher, and the clusters are absent. We conclude that the complementary changes in photoreceptor density and ganglion cell morphology should be considered when forming linking hypotheses between dendritic field, receptive field, and psychophysical properties of primate vision.

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Organization and post‐natal development of the monkey's lateral geniculate nucleus.

Cited by 217 publications

References 64 publications

Functional Maturation of the Macaque's Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Functional Maturation of the Macaque's Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Identification and Characterization of a Y-Like Primate Retinal Ganglion Cell Type

Comparison of photoreceptor spatial density and ganglion cell morphology in the retina of human, macaque monkey, cat, and the marmosetCallithrix jacchus

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