Organization of cortical microtubules in plant cells

Cyr, Richard J.; Palevitz, Barry A.

doi:10.1016/0955-0674(95)80046-8

Cited by 163 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Early proposals, based on electron and immunofluorescence microscopy of fixed cells, focused on lateral sliding of the microtubules, possibly using motors to power the interactions between microtubules on the cell cortex (Hardham and Gunning, 1978;Lloyd and Wells, 1985;Cyr, 1994;Cyr and Palevitz, 1995;Wymer and Lloyd, 1996;Lloyd and Chan, 2002). Observations made in live cells found no evidence for lateral microtubule sliding, finding instead that polymers in hypocotyl cortical arrays remained attached to the cell cortex and exhibited a form of polymer treadmilling (Shaw et al, 2003;Ehrhardt and Shaw, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Progressive Transverse Microtubule Array Organization in Hormone-InducedArabidopsisHypocotyl Cells

et al. 2013

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The acentriolar cortical microtubule arrays in dark-grown hypocotyl cells organize into a transverse coaligned pattern that is critical for axial plant growth. In light-grown Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, the cortical array on the outer (periclinal) cell face creates a variety of array patterns with a significant bias (>3:1) for microtubules polymerizing edge-ward and into the side (anticlinal) faces of the cell. To study the mechanisms required for creating the transverse coalignment, we developed a dualhormone protocol that synchronously induces ;80% of the light-grown hypocotyl cells to form transverse arrays over a 2-h period. Repatterning occurred in two phases, beginning with an initial 30 to 40% decrease in polymerizing plus ends prior to visible changes in the array pattern. Transverse organization initiated at the cell's midzone by 45 min after induction and progressed bidirectionally toward the apical and basal ends of the cell. Reorganization corrected the edge-ward bias in polymerization and proceeded without transiting through an obligate intermediate pattern. Quantitative comparisons of uninduced and induced microtubule arrays showed a limited deconstruction of the initial periclinal array followed by a progressive array reorganization to transverse coordinated between the anticlinal and periclinal cell faces.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Progressive Transverse Microtubule Array Organization in Hormone-InducedArabidopsisHypocotyl Cells

et al. 2013

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“…The MT bundle adjacent to the stomatal pore might also be formed by lateral displacement of the preceding MTs, as suggested in the case of formation of the MT bundles in other cell types (for literature see Palevitz (1991), Cyr & Palevitz (1995)). However, although the movement of MTs along their axis has been experimentally confirmed in different systems, the lateral MT displacement has to be proved.…”

Section: Microtubule Organization In Differentiating Guard Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microtubule and actin filament organization during stomatal morphogenesis in the fern Asplenium nidus. II. Guard cells

Apostolakos

Galatis

1999

New Phytologist

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The post-cytokinetic guard cells of Asplenium nidus display a prominent perinuclear microtubule system and a few microtubules under the periclinal walls. Afterwards, microtubules appear on the whole surface of the ventral wall, whereas those below the periclinal walls proliferate and tend to become parallel with the ventral wall. The perinuclear microtubules gradually diminish but persist in later stages of guard cell differentiation. In postcytokinetic guard cells, actin is found in the perinuclear cytoplasm and in the cortical cytoplasm lining all the walls. In differentiating guard cells, the following cortical microtubules and actin filament ' systems ' appear in succession : (a) radial microtubule and actin filament arrays beneath the periclinal walls converging on the stomatal pore region, (b) anticlinal microtubule bundles, which are co-localized with actin filaments, along the ventral wall outlining the region of the stomatal pore, (c) periclinal microtubules and actin filaments on the polar ventral wall ends. These cytoskeletal systems, except for the radial actin filaments, persist in advanced stages of guard cell differentiation. Instead of the radial actin filaments, a prominent actin filament reticulum is organized under the margins of the developing wall thickenings of the stomatal pore. In addition, an extensive endoplasmic actin filament reticulum develops around the plastids. It seems likely that the successive microtubule systems in guard cells are formed by putative microtubule organizing centres operating in a definite spatial and temporal succession. Guard cell morphogenesis is the outcome of a definite process, in which the cortical microtubule cytoskeleton plays the primary role, implicated in the deposition of cellulose microfibrils and probably of the local wall thickenings. Callose or a callose-like glucan is deposited on the whole surface of the nascent ventral wall and in the wall regions where thickenings are deposited. Finally, the guard cells of Asplenium assume a kidney shape and display polar hypostomatic swellings. Particular structural features established in guard cell mother cells affect guard cell morphogenesis.

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“…It is well known that during cell division and differentiation a continuous MT assembly\dis-assembly takes place (Baskin & Cande, 1990 ;Cyr & Palevitz, 1995 ;Hush et al, 1994 ;Hepler & Hush, 1996). In vitro studies have shown that Al does not inhibit tubulin polymerization, but promotes animal tubulin assembly and stability even in the absence of MAPs (MacDonald et al, 1987 ;MacDonald & Martin, 1988).…”

Section: Possible Aluminium Target Mechanisms Underlying Microtubule mentioning

confidence: 99%

Aluminium effects on microtubule organization in dividing root‐tip cells of Triticum turgidum. I. Mitotic cells

2000

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The effects of aluminium (Al) on dividing root-tip cells of Triticum turgidum were investigated with tubulin immunolabelling and electron microscopy. Aluminium affects the mechanisms controlling the organization of microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton, as well as tubulin polymerization, and induces the following aberrations in mitotic cells. (1) It delays the MT disassembly during mitosis, resulting in the persistence of preprophase MT bands in the late prophase cells, the presence of prophase spindles in prometaphase cells, and a disturbance in the shortening of kinetochore MT bundles in anaphase cells. (2) It interferes with the self-organization process of MTs into bipolar systems, inhibiting the formation of prophase and metaphase spindles. (3) Aluminium induces the formation of atypical MT arrays, which in the immunofluorescent specimens appear as ring-like tubulin aggregations in the cortical cytoplasm of the preprophase\prophase cells and as endoplasmic tubulin bundles in prophase and metaphase\anaphase cells ; abnormal preprophase MT bands are assembled, consisting of atypical cortical and endoplasmic MT bundles, the latter clearly lining the nuclear envelope on the preprophase MT band plane. (4) It disorders the chromosome movements carried out by the mitotic spindle. In addition, after prolonged Al treatments chromatin condensation is inhibited. The outcome is greatly disturbed organization and function of the mitotic apparatus, as well as inhibition of cells from entering mitosis. This study shows that the MT cytoskeleton is a target site of Al toxicity in mitotic root-tip cells of T. turgidum. The possible mechanisms by which Al exerts its toxicity on MT organization and function are discussed.

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Organization of cortical microtubules in plant cells

Cited by 163 publications

References 70 publications

Progressive Transverse Microtubule Array Organization in Hormone-InducedArabidopsisHypocotyl Cells

Progressive Transverse Microtubule Array Organization in Hormone-InducedArabidopsisHypocotyl Cells

Microtubule and actin filament organization during stomatal morphogenesis in the fern Asplenium nidus. II. Guard cells

Aluminium effects on microtubule organization in dividing root‐tip cells of Triticum turgidum. I. Mitotic cells

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