Organization revealed by recall orders and confirmed by pauses

Abstract

The technique introduced here induces the organization of information in memory from systematic inspection of regularities in free recall. The form of the representation of this organization is an "ordered tree." The technique has the advantage of being based on a theory of the way in which the data were generated and can be shown to produce a unique structure that captures all the kinds of regularities the theory of recall prescribes. Also presented is a collateral technique for measuring the amount of organization evidenced in a struture, as well as a procedure for identifying errors. The experimental work shows the technique's ability to recover the details of an organization presented to subjects and provides converging evidence for the particular structures induced from the pattern of recall pauses. In addition, the application of the technique to structures unknown a priori produced organizations that were easy to interpret and a second set of pauses that further confirmed the details of the induced structures.

The Role of Notation and Knowledge Representation in the Determination of Programming Strategy: A Framework for Integrating Models of Programming Behavior

“…Hence, the pause time between interplan jumps is greater than that between intraplan jumps for all skill levels. As in other studies (Haberlandt, 1980;Reitman & Rueter, 1980;Robertson & Black, 1986) this suggests the existence of discrete plan boundaries in the programmer's knowledge representation. The effects of language on generation strategy are, however, rather less straightforward.…”

“…In a similar way, Robertson and Black (1986) showed that pause time increases between hypothesized plan boundaries in a textediting task. Similarly, Reitman and Rueter (1980) investigated the organization of programmer's knowledge representation using a free-recall technique backed up with collateral converging evidence obtained from structures induced from the pattern of recall pauses.…”

The organization of information retrieved from situation models

“…Anderson & Conway, 1993). NOTES I. I had originally planned to use Reitman and Rueter's (1980) hierarchical organization algorithm, which can benefit from such a procedure. It was not used because the recalls were too variable and much information about even general organization was lost when it was used.…”

Expert memory: a comparison of four theories

“…Several formalisms have been used to model experts knowledge-and knowledge in general, for that matter-including production systems (Larkin, 1981), semantic networks (Rumelhart, Lindsay, & Norman, 1972), frames (Minsky, 1977), and trees (Reitman & Rueter, 1980). [See Reitman-Olson and Biolsi (1991) for a useful review of techniques used for eliciting and representing knowledge.]…”