Organizational structure of the news organizations; worldwide view

Abstract

b) Economical environment: *Greece c) Journalistic environment: *Russia a) Political environment: *Tunisia The Tunisian Republic, its capital is Tunis with a population of 10.7 million. Area 164,150 sq km (63,378 sq miles) Its major languages Arabic (official), French, major religion Islam (1). Historical background: Home of the ancient city of Carthage, Tunisia was once an important player in the Mediterranean, thanks to its location in the centre of North Africa, close to vital shipping routes. The Romans, Arabs, Ottoman Turks and French realized its strategic significance, making it a hub for control over the region. French colonial rule ended in 1956, and Tunisia was led for three decades by Habib Bourguiba, who advanced secular ideas, foremost of which was the emancipation of women. Mass protests unseated President Ben Ali in 2011-the first of a series of popular uprisings to sweep the region (2). (4) 2019-‫يونيو‬ / ‫ابريل‬) 25 (‫العدد‬-‫واالتصال‬ ‫االعالم‬ ‫لبحوث‬ ‫العربية‬ ‫املجلة‬ 36 The country's transition has been relatively peaceful, but secular Tunisians, especially women, are worried about the growing influence of ultra-conservative Islamists. And there is a mounting challenge posed by Islamist militants who claimed responsibility for attacks in 2015 in which 60 people were killed, most of them foreigners (3). According to the constitution of 1959, Tunisia is an Islamic republic, although since independence it has been a thoroughly secular state. The president, who is chief of state, must be a Muslim and a Tunisian citizen, born of a Tunisian father and grandfather, and at least 40 years old. He serves a five-year term. The president enjoys extensive powers, initiating and directing state policy and appointing judges, provincial governors, the mayor of Tunis, and other high officials, the cabinet, headed by a prime minister, varies in size and is under presidential domination. POLITICAL PARTIES The Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD) dominates the country's political life. Its leader from its founding as the Neo-Destour Party in 1934 to 1987 was Habib Bourguiba (5) .