Organized violence 1989–2022, and the return of conflict between states

Abstract

This article reports on trends in organized violence, building on new data from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP). In 2022, fatalities from organized violence increased by a staggering 97%, compared to the previous year, from 120,000 in 2021 to 237,000 in 2022, making 2022 the deadliest year since the Rwandan genocide in 1994. The increase was driven by two, particularly deadly, state-based armed conflicts: the Russia–Ukraine war, and the war in Ethiopia against TPLF (Tigray People’s Liberation Front). With more than 81,500 and 101,000 fatalities respectively, these are the two most deadly state-based conflict-years recorded in the post-1989 period. The Russian invasion of Ukraine is the first large-scale interstate war in 20 years, and the first interstate armed conflict since World War II where a major power in the international system seeks both territorial gains for itself and the subjugation of another state through regime change. We have witnessed an emerging trend of increased conflict between states in the last decade, including cases where major powers support opposite sides in internationalized intrastate conflict. UCDP recorded 55 active state-based armed conflicts in 2022, an increase of one compared to the previous year. Eight of these conflicts reached the level of war. While the fatalities caused by non-state conflict decreased somewhat when compared to 2021, the number of non-state conflicts, as well as both the number of civilians killed in one-sided violence and the number of actors carrying out such violence, increased in 2022.

Introducing a global dataset on conflict forecasts and news topics

“…We rely on the UCDP Candidate Events Dataset that makes available monthly releases of violence data with not more than a month's lag globally (Sundberg and Melander, 2013;Hegre et al, 2020;Davies et al, 2023). We are interested in deaths at the country/month level or grid cell/month level resulting from armed force used by an organized actor against another organized actor or against civilians.…”

Exploration of underlying patterns among conflict, socioeconomic and political factors

“…The readiness score indicates a country's ability to adapt and respond to climate hazards through economic, governance, and social structures. Conflict data was taken from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program [16]. Conflict numbers represent a best estimate of battle-related deaths per year.…”

From climate conflicts to environmental peacebuilding: Exploring local dimensions

“…From an annual average of 36 armed conflicts between 1990 and 2014, the number has risen to over 50 that have been ongoing every year since 2015. In 2022, fighting between states, rebels, and other non-state actors caused an estimated 237,000 casualtiesthe highest since Rwanda's genocide in 1994 (Davies et al, 2023). In addition, these violent clashes incur long-term and indirect costs from injuries, collapsed education and health systems, and destroyed water, food, and energy infrastructure (Swee, 2015;Weinthal & Sowers, 2023).…”