Organochlorine Pesticide Levels and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease in North Indian Population

Abstract

The cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains elusive, but environmental chemical exposures have been postulated to be involved in the etiology of PD. We examined the association between the persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and PD in the North Indian population. This case control study included 70 PD and 75 control subjects in the age group of 50 to 85 years. Blood samples were collected and high-purity grade hexane and acetone (2 : 1 ratio) were used for extraction of organochlorine residues. OCPs (hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), aldrin, dieldrin, endosulfan, pp′-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (pp′-DDE), op′-DDE, pp′- Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (pp′-DDT), op′-DDT, pp′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (pp′-DDD) and op′-DDD) were quantitatively estimated by using gas chromatography. The most frequently detected OCP was dieldrin, which was present in 9.3% of control and 61.4% of PD. The strongest predictor was β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), which reported an odds ratio of 2.566, indicating that for every additional one unit of β-HCH, patients had 2.566 times more chances of presence of PD. This study indicates that increased level of β-HCH and dieldrin may be associated with the risk of PD.

Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Parkinson’s Disease in a Population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: A Case-Control Study

“…Moreover, the patient's exposure was more often to aldrin compared to controls. Another casecontrol study reported that increased dieldrin and β-HCH may be linked with the risk of PD [19]. Furthermore, mice exposed to DDT or DDE failed to show nigrostriatal damage evidence or behavioral abnormalities [20].…”

A future perspective on neurodegenerative diseases: nasopharyngeal and gut microbiota

“…). Subjects (cases and control) should be in the range of 50‐ to 85‐year age group. Subjects (cases and control) with any gastrointestinal disorder, history of cerebral stroke, epilepsy, head injury and any congenital abnormality should be excluded (Chhillar et al . ). The isolation of genomic DNA from samples followed by bacterial community structure analysis using culture‐independent approaches as mentioned in Table . The use of computational and statistical analysis to investigate changes in bacterial community structures (i.e., to identify the presence or absence of bacterial species) in patients and controls. The isolation and characterization of important bacterial species from the respiratory tract and gut of patients and healthy controls using polyphasic taxonomic approaches. The genome sequencing and annotation of DNA fragments of bacterial species for the identification and characterization of gene(s) that might play role in respiratory tract and gut–bacteria interactions. In addition to bacterial species identification from patients and controls, the metabolomic and metaproteomic analyses are also needed to study for understanding the functional properties of nasopharyngeal and gut microbiota. The use of animal models in the study of the microbiome and imbalance characterized by dysbiosis is needed to be understood which may play essential role in the gut–brain and nasal–brain interactions.…”

“…(b) Subjects (cases and control) should be in the range of 50-to 85-year age group. (c) Subjects (cases and control) with any gastrointestinal disorder, history of cerebral stroke, epilepsy, head injury and any congenital abnormality should be excluded (Chhillar et al 2013).…”

Environmental Neurotoxicology : A Review

“…Organochlorine pesticides (OCP) have been linked with the development of Parkinson"s disease (PD) 57 . Chhillar et al conducted a case controlled study involving 70 PD patients and 75 agematched healthy volunteers found strong association of dieldrin and β-hexachlorocyclohexane with the risk of PD 58 .…”