Organochlorine pesticide residues in sediment and water from Nairobi River, Kenya: levels, distribution, and ecological risk assessment

Ndunda, Elizabeth N.; Madadi, Vincent O.; Wandiga, Shem O.

doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3398-8

Cited by 42 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…A similar trend for β-HCH has also been reported by [67] and [68]. The low levels of lindane (γ-HCH) were attributed to its restricted use, and transformation to β-HCH, with its presence also signifying past use of the pesticide α-HCH gave the lowest concentration among the isomers probably due to its high vapor pressure [69].…”

Section: Ocps In the Water Dissolved Phase Suspended Particulate Mattsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Compared with other polluted rivers in the world Table 4, OCPs in samples from the Volturno River were close to those found in the Plitvice Lakes, Croatia [46], in the Arc River, France [16] and in the Izmir Bay, Turkey by [43]. The concentrations were much higher than those presented in the Yangtze River, China [73], in the Yangtze River, China [74], in the China Sea, China [40], in the Congo River Basin, Congo [42], in the Gulf of Batabanò, Cuba [75] and in the Durance River and Berre Lagoon, France [60]; but lower than those found in the Bengal Bay, India [76], in the Pearl River Delta, China [77], in the Poyang Lake, China [78], in the Hangzhou Bay, China [33], in the Hangzhou Bay, China [79], in the Awash River Basin, Ethiopia [80], in the Nairobi River, Kenya [69], in the Sea Lots, Trinidad and Tobago [52], in the Jaguaribe River, Brazil [81], in the Portuguese Coastal Area, Portugal [57], in the Moscow River, Russia [48], in the Candarli Gulf, Turkey [82], in the Egyptian Coast, Egypt [83], in the River Po, Italy [63], in the Northern coast of Cyprus [84] and in the Someşu Mic River, Romania [61].…”

Section: Table 3 Description Of the Sampling Sites And Concentration mentioning

confidence: 79%

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Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in water and sediment from Volturno River, Southern Italy: occurrence, distribution and risk assessment

et al. 2020

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Background To assess the Volturno River pollution and its environmental impact on the Tyrrhenian Sea (Central Mediterranean Sea) caused by Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 32 PCBs and aldrin, α-BHC, β-BHC, δ-BHC, γ-BHC (lindane), 4,4′- DDD, 4,4′-DDE, 4,4′-DDT, dieldrin, endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulphate, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide (isomer B) and methoxychlor have been selected and were analyzed in three different phases: dissolved phase (DP), suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments. PCBs and OCPs were extracted using an SPE column for the DP and glass fiber filter for SPM and sediment samples. Cleaned extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detector (ECD) and mass spectrometry (MS) detector for PCBs and OCPs, respectively. Results Pollutants discharges of PCBs and OCPs into the sea were calculated in about 106.9 kg year−1 (87.1 kg year−1 of PCBs and 19.7 kg year−1 of OCPs), showing that this river could be a major source of PCBs and OCPs pollution to the Central Mediterranean Sea. Total concentrations of PCBs ranged from 4.1 to 48.0 ng L−1 in water (sum of DP and SPM) and from 4.3 to 64.3 ng g−1 in sediment samples. The concentrations of total organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) obtained in water (sum of DP and SPM) ranged from 0.93 to 8.66 ng L−1 and from 0.52 to 9.89 ng g−1 in sediment samples. Principal component analysis shows that all PCB compounds are more likely to come from surface runoff than an atmospheric deposition. Conclusion The data show that higher levels of PCBs and OCPs were found in sediment samples than in DP and SPM samples, which are an indication of no fresh inputs of these compounds. Based on our results, unintentionally produced PCBs by industrial processes (and other processes) were considered to be the main sources of PCBs in Volturno River and Estuary sediments. Considering the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs), the Ecological Risk Index (ERI), the Risk Quotient (RQ) and the USEPA Environmental Quality Standards (EQS), the Volturno River and its Estuary would be considered an area in which the integrity is possibly at risk.

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Section: Ocps In the Water Dissolved Phase Suspended Particulate Mattsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Table 3 Description Of the Sampling Sites And Concentration mentioning

confidence: 79%

Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in water and sediment from Volturno River, Southern Italy: occurrence, distribution and risk assessment

et al. 2020

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“…While pesticide use is often lower in contexts where farmers face financial constraints, the sale of highly hazardous pesticides is relatively higher in lowand middle-income countries compared to high-income countries (Dowler 2020). Pesticides were first introduced in Kenya through colonial pest control campaigns aimed at mitigating vector-borne diseases after World War II (Geissler 2011) and were soon increasingly used in commercial farming also (Matthews 2018;Ndunda et al 2018).…”

Section: Pesticide Use In a Rural Communitymentioning

confidence: 99%

‘How it is grown doesn't matter, as long as it's on the table’: Pesticide use, uncertainty and future aspirations

Waltz¹

2020

Anthropology Today

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“…Natrium karbonat biasanya terjadi secara alami di daerah (236) kering terutama endapan material (batuan evaporit) yang akan terbentuk ketika danau musiman mengalami penguapan. Endapan (92)(93)(94)(95)…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Natrium Karbonat : Termodinamika dan Transport Ion

Jumalia¹,

Zainul²

2019

Preprint

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Natrium Karbonat merupakan salah satu garam natrium dari asam karbonat yang bersifat higroskospis. Natrium Karbonat biasanya dapat digunakan dalam pembuatan kaca. Sintesis Natrium karbonat dapat dilakukan dengan proses Leblanc dan Solvay. Tujuan dari review ini untuk mengetahui termodinamika dan transport ion pada senyawa natrium karbonat. Metode yang digunakan yaitu studi literatur menggunakan endnote X7, pemodelan komputasi menggunakan ChemOffice 15.0, dan perhitungan matematis. Metode dengan studi literatur dapat dilihat pada fishbone. Metode menggunakan ChemOffice 15.0, pada minimize energy dihasilkan energi -271.9263 kcal/mol pada suhu optimum dengan bend nya yaitu 4.4521. Pada metode perhitungan matematis ada beberapa parameter transport ion yang dapat dihitung yaitu konduktivitas, viskositas, mobilitas ion, dan kecepatan hanyut. Parameter ini selain didapatkan dari perhitungan matematis juga dari data hasil review jurnal penelitian yang berkaitan. Hasil perhitungan pada konduktivitas yaitu 0,07905 x 10-8 mho/cm. Nilai viskositas natrium karbonat yaitu . Kelarutan natrium karbonat anhidrat pada suhu 20OC yaitu 2.533 g/cm3 .Sifat termokimia pada natrium karbonat ini yaitu Cp, So, ΔfHo ,ΔfG, masing-masing bernilai 109,2 J/mol·K; 136,4 J/mol·K; -1131 kJ/mol ; -1047,5 kJ/mol.

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Organochlorine pesticide residues in sediment and water from Nairobi River, Kenya: levels, distribution, and ecological risk assessment

Cited by 42 publications

References 25 publications

Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in water and sediment from Volturno River, Southern Italy: occurrence, distribution and risk assessment

Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in water and sediment from Volturno River, Southern Italy: occurrence, distribution and risk assessment

‘How it is grown doesn't matter, as long as it's on the table’: Pesticide use, uncertainty and future aspirations

Natrium Karbonat : Termodinamika dan Transport Ion

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