Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in the east ice harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) population

Kleivane, Lars; Espeland, Oscar; Fagerheim, Kjell-Arne; Hylland, Ketil; Polder, Anuschka; Skaare, Janneche Utne

doi:10.1016/0141-1136(96)00084-0

Cited by 31 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Data are from the present study, Addison & Smith (), Beck, Smith & Hammill (), Kleivane et al . (), Krahn et al . (), Addison & Smith (), Hall et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Morphological and thermal properties of mammalian insulation: the evolutionary transition to blubber in pinnipeds

Liwanag

Berta

Costa

et al. 2012

Biol J Linn Soc Lond

100

113

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Carnivora includes three independent evolutionary transitions to the marine environment: pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses), sea otters, and polar bears. Among these, only the pinnipeds have retained two forms of insulation, an external fur layer and an internal blubber layer for keeping warm in water. In this study we investigated key factors associated with the transition to the use of blubber, by comparing blubber characteristics among the pinnipeds. Characteristics included gross morphology (blubber thickness), fat composition (fatty acid profiles, percentage lipid, and water), and thermal conductivity. Sea lions, phocids, and walrus, which have lower fur densities than fur seals, have thicker blubber layers than fur seals (P < 0.001). Comparisons of lipid content, water content, and fatty acid composition indicated significant differences in the composition of the inner and outer regions of the blubber between groups (P < 0.001), consistent with the hypothesis that phocids and sea lions utilize the outer layer of their blubber primarily for thermal insulation, and the inner layer for energy storage. Fur seals, by contrast, rely more on their fur for thermal insulation, and utilize their blubber layer primarily for energy storage. Comparing across carnivore species, differences in total insulation (fur and/or blubber) are influenced substantially by body size and habitat, and to a lesser extent by latitudinal climate. Overall, these results indicate consistent evolutionary trends in the transition to blubber and evidence for convergent evolution of thermal traits across lineages. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, ••, ••–••.

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“…Data are from the present study, Addison & Smith (), Beck, Smith & Hammill (), Kleivane et al . (), Krahn et al . (), Addison & Smith (), Hall et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Morphological and thermal properties of mammalian insulation: the evolutionary transition to blubber in pinnipeds

Liwanag

Berta

Costa

et al. 2012

Biol J Linn Soc Lond

100

113

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“…There was, however, no correlation ( p > 0.05) between the age and contaminant concentration in Lake Ladoga seal females and ringed seals of both sexes from the White Sea. In the White Sea, no differences were reported in concentrations of ΣPCB and ΣDDT between the young and female East Ice Harp seals ( Phoca groenlandica ) [18]. The only females that had correlation of age with ΣPCB and ΣDDT were Saimaa seal females over five years old.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In previous studies from these three areas, Lake Saimaa has been found to be the most polluted and the White Sea has been reported to contain only background levels of organochlorine compounds (OCls) [13,16–18]. Extractable organic halogen has been used mainly as an indicator of chlorinated organic compounds originating from pulp mills and analyzed in sediment, mussel, and fish samples [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of organochlorine compounds and extractable organic halogen in three subspecies of ringed seal from Northeast Europe

Kostamo

Медведев

Pellinen³

et al. 2000

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

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Oganochlorine compounds in blubber samples of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida saimensis, P. h. ladogensis, and P. h. hispida) were analyzed in order to estimate the state of pollution in three different water areas in Northeast Europe, namely, Lake Saimaa in Finland, Lake Ladoga, and the White Sea in Russia. Geographic differences in concentrations and in relative concentrations of tri‐ and tetrachlorocymenes, hexachlorobenzene, α‐HCH, β‐HCH, ‐γ‐HCH (Lindane), seven polychlorinated bi‐phenyl (PCB) congeners, and p,p′‐DDT and its metabolites in ringed seals were compared. Concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons varied between the water areas. The highest concentrations were found in Saimaa ringed seals, followed by Ladoga ringed seals, and the lowest concentrations were detected in ringed seals from the White Sea. Extractable organic halogen (EOX) concentrations in blubber were also analyzed. The concentrations showed a geographic trend similar to those for the individual compounds identified. In Lakes Ladoga and Saimaa, the concentrations of EOX and chlorinated hydrocarbons in the blubber were dependent on the age and sex of the seals, but no such relationship was observed in samples from the White Sea.

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“…⌺PCB ) ⌺Chl 4 Dieldrin ) HCB ) ⌺HCH is consistent with the OC pattern generally found in Ž Arctic marine mammals see Norstrom and Muir, . 1994 , including species from Svalbard and adja-Ž cent waters Skaare, 1995;Kleivane et al, 1997; . Kleivane and Skaare, 1998 .…”

Section: ( )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations and patterns of organochlorine contaminants in white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard, Norway

Andersen

Kovacs

Lydersen

et al. 2001

Science of The Total Environment

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Ž. Blubber was collected from live-captured, adult male white whales Delphinapterus leucas from Svalbard, Norway, Ž . and analysed for levels and patterns of organochlorine OC contaminants. The OC compounds analysed were HCB, Ž . Ž dieldrin, ⌺HCH ␣-HCH, ␤-HCH and ␥-HCH , ⌺Chl heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, cis-chlordane, trans-non-. Ž . Ž . achlor, and cis-nonachlor , ⌺DDT ppЈ-DDT, ppЈ-DDE and ppЈ-DDD and ⌺PCB 27 PCB congeners . The major Ž . Ž . OC compounds detected in the blubber were ⌺PCB 5103 " 1874 ngrg l.w. and ⌺DDT 5108 " 1089 ngrg l.w. , Ž . which made up 70% of the ⌺OC. These compounds were followed in prevalence by ⌺Chl 2872 " 1177 ngrg l.w. , which contributed 20% of the ⌺OC burden. ⌺HCH, HCB and dieldrin were present, but at low concentrations. This OC pattern is typical of top predators in Arctic marine food chains. OC levels in white whales from Svalbard are lower than white whales from the St Lawrence River in Canada and are generally similar to values reported previously for other Arctic white whale stocks. Some geographic patterns in relative prevalence of various OC compounds appear to be quite consistent among various marine mammal species in the Arctic. PCB and DDT concentrations in Svalbard's white whales are below the levels that are thought to have negative effects on reproduction or the immune system. ᮊ

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Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in the east ice harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) population

Cited by 31 publications

References 23 publications

Morphological and thermal properties of mammalian insulation: the evolutionary transition to blubber in pinnipeds

Morphological and thermal properties of mammalian insulation: the evolutionary transition to blubber in pinnipeds

Analysis of organochlorine compounds and extractable organic halogen in three subspecies of ringed seal from Northeast Europe

Concentrations and patterns of organochlorine contaminants in white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard, Norway

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