“…Examples of nucleophiles that have been used are heteroatom nucleophiles such as alkoxides, 16 amines, 19 phosphines 20 and phosphites, 21 but also various carbon nucleophiles. The latter class includes electron rich aromatics, 22 malonates, 23 silyl enol ethers, 24 tin enolates, 25 enamines, 26 amides, 27 allyl silanes, 28 nitromethane anion, 29 cyanide, 30 and various highly activated carbon species such as dialkyl cadmium 31 and dialkyl zinc reagents. 32 Grignard reagents and alkyl lithiums can be problematic as in some cases a radical-mediated dimerization reaction occurs as a side reaction.…”