Organometallic chemistry and catalysis in industry

Parshall, G. W.; Putscher, Richard E.

doi:10.1021/ed063p189

Cited by 28 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The term, atom-economy, that by definition encompasses CO 2 mitigation, energy-efficiency, product specificity, and waste minimization, was coined by Trost specifically for organic synthesis reactions catalyzed by homogeneous metal complexes. Since nanosizing increases surface area that exposes more catalytic sites, the use of nanosized metals could potentially enhance activity of heterogeneous catalysts that dominate the field of catalysis . Studies with highly dispersed iron oxide catalyst with a mean particle diameter (MPD) of 3 nm for direct coal liquefaction, supported metal clusters (MPD < 1 nm) for hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, isomerization, liquid-phase methanol synthesis on Cu/Zn UFP (MPD = 45 nm) have been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Nanosized Iron in Slurry-Phase Fischer−Tropsch Synthesis

et al. 2003

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The Fischer−Tropsch (F−T) activity of three α-Fe2O3-based materials, two unsupported nanosized, NANOCAT (3 nm) and BASF (20−80 nm), and a supported micrometer-sized (32.5 μm) UCI, were measured with respect to total hydrocarbon production from synthesis gas (H2/CO ∼ 2/1). All three oxides were initially reduced under CO at 553 K in ethylflopolyolefin-164 solvent, and the extent of their reduction was established by monitoring CO2 evolution. The ease of reduction of α-Fe2O3 followed the order: UCI > NANOCAT > BASF. The Fischer−Tropsch (F−T) synthesis activities of the three reduced materials were measured at 513 K. Mössbauer and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements established that the initial oxides were in the α-Fe2O3 phase. Room-temperature XAFS together with low-temperature Mössbauer data of the quenched catalyst samples after 120 h F−T reaction suggest that all three catalysts were essentially a mixture of oxides and carbides with magnetite being the dominant phase. The observed high activity with NANOCAT and the presence of mainly (88%) magnetite phase indicate that either the oxide phase contributes as a catalyst or the minor (12%) carbide phase is extremely active for F−T synthesis. TEM images of the quenched samples remarkably showed that both unsupported nano materials, NANOCAT and BASF, avoided expected agglomeration and the micrometer-sized UCI converted into a nano material of <10 nm under F−T reaction conditions. The narrow particle size distribution of the quenched catalysts in the nano range (∼10−50 nm) explains the very similar activities observed with the three different-sized starting materials in the order: BASF > NANOCAT ∼ UCI. The data suggest a crucial role of nanosized Fe during F−T synthesis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Nanosized Iron in Slurry-Phase Fischer−Tropsch Synthesis

et al. 2003

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“…Examples include the DuPont hydrocyanation technology discussed earlier, Monsanto's process for making L-DOPA by enantioselective hydrogenation, the Rh-catalyzed manufacture of acetic acid and oxo alcohols, and the production of propylene oxide by catalytic epoxidation. While the histories of these developments differ considerably, what they have in common is that the scientific advances of the 1950s set the stage for applied research in the 1960s that led fairly directly to commercial development (35).…”

Section: Glimpses Of the Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

Fifty-Year Trends in the Chemical Industry: What Do They Mean for Chemical Education?

Tolman

Parshall

1999

J. Chem. Educ.

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“…Although the vast majority of the industrial catalytic processes involve heterogeneous catalysts, there are now many industrial processes that utilize homogeneous catalysts (Parshall, 1978(Parshall, ,1981Parshall and Putscher, 1986). The chief advantages of homogeneous catalysis are the high selectivity, relatively mild reaction conditions, molecular dispersion of the catalyst, and controllability of the nature of the catalytically active species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%