Organophosphate and Carbamate Insecticides

Blodgett, Dennis J.; Means, Charlotte

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-0717-1.00067-3

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…An increase in heart rate and dilation of the pupils following the administration of the low pre‐anesthetic “test” dose of atropine generally rules out clinically significant AChE inhibition associated with organophosphate‐ or carbamate‐containing chemicals . Using low‐dosage atropine administration can help prevent the toxic effects of high dosage atropine, including tachyarrhythmias, mydriasis, and decreased glandular secretions, as well as avoiding the use of relatively expensive antidotes, such as oxime compounds . One case report of a patient with carbamate toxicity was treated with 0.02 mg/kg atropine, with one‐fourth dose given IV and the remainder IM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Traditionally, AChE activity measured in whole blood that is less than 50% of normal (ie, suppressed by more than 50%) is indicative of significant exposure to AChE-inhibiting insecticides, and AChE activity less than 25% of normal (ie, suppressed by more than 75%), in the presence of the characteristic clinical signs of AChE inhibition confirms intoxication. 2,9 Little is known about toxic doses of diazinon and coumaphos for dogs and cats. 2 In general, the LD 50 for organophosphate toxins in general range from 1 mg/kg to more than 4 g/kg in rats, indicating a wide range of toxicity for various organophosphate compounds.…”

Section: Casementioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,9 Little is known about toxic doses of diazinon and coumaphos for dogs and cats. 2 In general, the LD 50 for organophosphate toxins in general range from 1 mg/kg to more than 4 g/kg in rats, indicating a wide range of toxicity for various organophosphate compounds. In addition, there is a large species variation in toxicity.…”

Section: Casementioning

confidence: 99%

“…11,12 as oxime compounds. 2 One case report of a patient with carbamate toxicity was treated with 0.02 mg/kg atropine, with one-fourth dose given IV and the remainder IM. 13 Atropine should be started at a low-dose and titrated, as needed, on an individual basis.…”

Section: Casementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Organophosphate, phosphate ester, organophosphorus (OP) insecticide, and nerve gases are well‐recognized intoxicants for both people and animals . Traditionally, organophosphate‐containing products most frequently reported to cause canine and feline poisonings included insecticide sprays and flea collars intended for small animal use; however, newer insecticide products that are safer for small animal use have become more widely used and small animal OP intoxication is uncommon . Veterinarians primarily engaged in small animal practice may not recognize potential sources and common signs of organophosphate intoxication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organophosphate intoxication in 2 dogs from ingestion of cattle ear tags

Asokan

Kerl

Evans

et al. 2019

J Vet Emergen Crit Care

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Objective To describe 2 cases of organophosphate intoxication through a previously unreported method of exposure. Case series A 2‐year‐old intact male Australian Cattle Dog (case 1) presented with progressive muscarinic and nicotinic clinical signs, and a 3‐year‐old neutered male mixed breed dog (case 2) presented after known ingestion of cattle ear tags. The dog in case 1 was discovered to have ingested cattle ear tags after abdominal radiographs. Organophosphate testing of gastric contents confirmed diazinon toxicosis. The dog in case 2 was found to be eating ear tags by the owner. The tags in case 2 contained diazinon and coumaphos. The dog in case 1 was treated with gastric lavage, gastroprotectants, prokinetics, antiemetics, pralidoxime chloride, and atropine. The dog in case 2 was treated with pralidoxime chloride. Both patients received standard supportive and nursing care and recovered completely with no further concerns. New or unique information provided This is a novel exposure to organophosphates that has not been reported in small animals. In dogs with relevant clinical signs and potential environmental exposure, cattle ear tag ingestion is an important differential diagnosis to consider.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Casementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Casementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Casementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Organophosphate intoxication in 2 dogs from ingestion of cattle ear tags

Asokan

Kerl

Evans

et al. 2019

J Vet Emergen Crit Care

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Clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, treatment and outcome of acute organophosphate or carbamate intoxication in 39 cats

et al. 2022

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Background Organophosphates and carbamates are important sources of intoxication for humans and animals. However, large‐scale studies of these intoxications in cats are unavailable. Methods The medical records of 39 cats presented to a veterinary teaching hospital with acute organophosphate or carbamate intoxication were reviewed retrospectively. Results Mortality in intoxicated cats was 15%. Low respiratory rate and low rectal temperature at presentation were associated with death. Other common clinical signs included weakness, ataxia, apathy, recumbency, anorexia and bradycardia, but these were unassociated with the outcome. The common biochemical abnormalities included decreased serum butyryl‐choline esterase activity, acidaemia, hypercarbaemia and total hypocalcaemia, and increased creatine kinase activity and total plasma protein concentration. There were no significant differences in haematological, biochemical and blood gas analytes between survivors and non‐survivors. Common medications and treatments included 2‐pyridine aldoxime methyl‐chloride‐pralidoxime (2‐PAM) (74%), metoclopramide (64%), antibiotics (64%), diphenhydramine (59%) and atropine sulphate (54%). There were no significant drug and treatment differences between survivors and non‐survivors. The secondary complications of the intoxication included pneumonia (10%), acute kidney injury (10%) and pancreatitis (8%). Conclusions Acute cholinergic crisis due to organophosphate or carbamate intoxication has a fair prognosis in cats. Low respiratory rate and low rectal temperature at presentation were associated with death. The most commonly used specific medications in this study included 2‐PAM, diphenhydramine and atropine sulphate.

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Veterinary Forensic Toxicology

Gwaltney‐Brant¹

2016

Vet Pathol

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Veterinary pathologists working in diagnostic laboratories are sometimes presented with cases involving animal poisonings that become the object of criminal or civil litigation. Forensic veterinary toxicology cases can include cases involving animal cruelty (malicious poisoning), regulatory issues (eg, contamination of the food supply), insurance litigation, or poisoning of wildlife. An understanding of the appropriate approach to these types of cases, including proper sample collection, handling, and transport, is essential so that chain of custody rules are followed and proper samples are obtained for toxicological analysis. Consultation with veterinary toxicologists at the diagnostic laboratory that will be processing the samples before, during, and after the forensic necropsy can help to ensure that the analytical tests performed are appropriate for the circumstances and findings surrounding the individual case.

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Organophosphate and Carbamate Insecticides

Cited by 11 publications

References 15 publications

Organophosphate intoxication in 2 dogs from ingestion of cattle ear tags

Organophosphate intoxication in 2 dogs from ingestion of cattle ear tags

Clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, treatment and outcome of acute organophosphate or carbamate intoxication in 39 cats

Veterinary Forensic Toxicology

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