Organophosphate and carbamate pesticide residues and accompanying risks in commonly consumed vegetables in Kenya

Omwenga, Isaac; Kanja, Laetitia Wakonyu; Zomer, Paul; Louisse, Jochem; Rietjens, Ivonne M.C.M.; Mol, Hans

doi:10.1080/19393210.2020.1861661

Cited by 47 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The studies that applied a risk assessment mostly compared it to EU or U.S. standards. The human health risk assessments were dominated by model-based risk assessment from environmental samples (mostly water [ 91 , 92 , 93 ] and food [ 94 , 95 , 96 ]). This might be partly explained by monitoring programs of local water authorities and the focus on export industries, which require testing for residuals in food and flowers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pesticide Research on Environmental and Human Exposure and Risks in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Literature Review

Fuhrimann

Wan

Blouzard

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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On the African continent, ongoing agriculture intensification is accompanied by the increasing use of pesticides, associated with environmental and public health concerns. Using a systematic literature review, we aimed to map current geographical research hotspots and gaps around environmental and public health risks research of agriculture pesticides in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Studies were included that collected primary data on past and current-used agricultural pesticides and assessed their environmental occurrence, related knowledge, attitude and practice, human exposure, and environmental or public health risks between 2006 and 2021. We identified 391 articles covering 469 study sites in 37 countries in SSA. Five geographical research hotspots were identified: two in South Africa, two in East Africa, and one in West Africa. Despite its ban for agricultural use, organochlorine was the most studied pesticide group (60%; 86% of studies included DDT). Current-used pesticides in agriculture were studied in 54% of the study sites (including insecticides (92%), herbicides (44%), and fungicides (35%)). Environmental samples were collected in 67% of the studies (e.g., water, aquatic species, sediment, agricultural produce, and air). In 38% of the studies, human subjects were investigated. Only few studies had a longitudinal design or assessed pesticide’s environmental risks; human biomarkers; dose-response in human subjects, including children and women; and interventions to reduce pesticide exposure. We established a research database that can help stakeholders to address research gaps, foster research collaboration between environmental and health dimensions, and work towards sustainable and safe agriculture systems in SSA.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pesticide Research on Environmental and Human Exposure and Risks in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Literature Review

Fuhrimann

Wan

Blouzard

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…EDIs were compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) values 25,26 . The cHQ was calculated by the formula cHQ=EDI/ADI 27 .…”

Section: Quality Assurancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the basis of this summary, the estimated daily intake and chronic/long-term hazard quotient values of only 11 out of 18 OCPs could be estimated. When cHQ values exceed 1, a health risk cannot be excluded 27 . The results of cHQ suggest that the consumption of cow's milk by adults and children is alarming for endosulphans, dieldrin, heptachlor and DDT and the consumption of camel's milk by adults and children is alarming for endosulphans, dieldrin, and heptachlor.…”

Section: Levels Of Ocpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation and human health risk assessment of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticide residues in raw milk collected in Kenya

et al. 2022

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Background: This study determined the levels of organochlorine (OCPs) and organophosphate (OPPs) pesticide residues in cow milk from Kiambu and camel milk from Isiolo and Laikipia. The human dietary intake and the potential consumer health risks were also evaluated. Methods: In total, 90 cow and 82 camel milk samples were collected and analyzed using gas chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy to determine the levels of OCPs and OPPs. The levels were compared to the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by the Codex Alimentarius (CA), EU Pesticides Database (EUPD), and the United States Department of Agriculture. The estimated daily intake and chronic hazard quotient (cHQ) of the milk were also calculated. Results: Cow milk from Kiambu was contaminated with 11/18 of the evaluated OCPs and 13/14 of the evaluated OPPs while camel milk from Isiolo was contaminated with 9/18 of the evaluated OCPs and 9/14 of the evaluated OPPs. Camel milk from Laikipia was contaminated with 11/18 of the evaluated OCPs and 11/14 of the evaluated OPPs. The mean heptachlor value in camel milk from Isiolo was above the EUPD MRLs. The mean value of heptachlor in Camel milk from Laikipia was above the CA and EUPD MRLs. The cHQs for Disulfoton, Fenamiphos, and Methacrifos in Cow milk were above 1 for adults and children. The cHQs for Fenchlorphous and Profenofos in Camel milk were above 1 for adults and children. The cHQs for α-endosulphan, β-endosulphan, dieldrin, and heptachlor in cow milk was above 1 for adults and children while the cHQs for heptachlor in camel milk was above 1 for adults and children. Conclusions: The potential health risks from chronic dietary intake of cow and camel milk in Kenya cannot be excluded. The routine monitoring of organophosphate and organochlorine pesticide levels in milk is recommended to minimize risks to human health.

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“…The use of pesticides helps in increasing crop yield, protecting crops from insects and pests, and extending their storage life. Pesticides are often used in developing countries to boost food production (Omwenga et al 2021;Akoto et al 2015). Although excessive use of pesticides increases agricultural production, on the other hand, excessive use of pesticides has negative health consequences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An intensive study on pesticides contamination and its removal in fruits and vegetables collected from Ghaziabad, India

et al. 2022

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These days pesticides are extensively applied in agriculture to increase productivity; although these pesticides increase productivity but also have a negative impact on the consumer. Thus, pesticide exposure in agricultural products must be decreased. The present study attempted to assess pesticide residues in samples of apple, tomato, and brinjal and determine the efficacy of washing solutions in pesticide removal. For sample preparation, the QuEChERS method was employed, and prepared samples were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results of the study revealed that among the collected samples, 58.33 percent samples were showing lower pesticide residues as compared to the maximum residue limit (MRL) while 12.5 percent of the samples were showing higher pesticides residues as compared to the suggested MRL. Further, from the collected fruits and vegetable samples, the presence of the chlorantraniliprole, carbendazim, beta endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, malathion, carbaryl, thiomethoxam, DDT, and flubendiamide were detected in the range of 0.0–1.41 mg/kg. Among the detected pesticides, chlorpyrifos and flubendiamide were the most commonly detected pesticides. Effectiveness of different washing solutions was studied, which indicated a significant reduction in residues of all the washing solutions compared with the control (p < 0.05) and concluded that ascorbic acid and sodium bicarbonate solution was very effective in pesticides removal compared with water and chemical alone.

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Organophosphate and carbamate pesticide residues and accompanying risks in commonly consumed vegetables in Kenya

Cited by 47 publications

References 57 publications

Pesticide Research on Environmental and Human Exposure and Risks in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Literature Review

Pesticide Research on Environmental and Human Exposure and Risks in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Literature Review

Estimation and human health risk assessment of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticide residues in raw milk collected in Kenya

An intensive study on pesticides contamination and its removal in fruits and vegetables collected from Ghaziabad, India

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