Organophosphate flame retardants in Hangzhou tap water system: Occurrence, distribution, and exposure risk assessment

Zhang, Quan; Li, Jing; Lin, Shu; Ying, Zeteng; Hu, Shitao; Wang, Yan; Mo, Xunjie

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157644

Cited by 26 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…207 Interestingly, sediment interconverted from a sink (upstream) to a source of OPEs (downstream), with a flux of 11−45 g/day via horizontal riverine transport greater than for PBDEs (0.68−2 g/day). Finally, OPEs from the source to tap were the focus of another study by Zhang et al 208 OPEs ranged from 9 to 225 ng/L in all samples (measured by UPLC-MS/MS), and levels showed 10−50% removal through drinking water treatment, such that levels were much lower at the tap and were considered a negligible risk. The mean total OPE levels (of 9 compounds) were 95, 157, 109, and 96 ng/L, in source water, Plant B finished water, Plant A finished water, and tap water, respectively.…”

Section: Analyticalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues

Richardson,

Manasfi

2024

Anal. Chem.

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BACKGROUND AND TRENDSThis biennial review covers developments in water analysis for emerging environmental contaminants mainly over the period of September 2021−December 2023 (with a few in early 2024). Analytical Chemistry's policy is to limit reviews to a maximum of ∼250 significant references and to mainly focus on new trends. Therefore, only a small fraction of the quality research publications are discussed. The previous Water Analysis review (with Thomas Ternes) was published in 2022. 1 This year, Tarek Manasfi joined to cover the section on pharmaceuticals and hormones. We welcome any comments you have on this Review

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Section: Analyticalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues

Richardson,

Manasfi

2024

Anal. Chem.

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“…Chronic exposure may, nevertheless, pose potential public health risks. In another study, organophosphate flame retardant residues were detected in drinking water sources, drinking water treatment plants, and tap water at concentrations in the range of 9.25 to 224.74 ng/L [81]. Flame retardants were also reported in drinking water systems in LICs, even though the studies were sparse compared to developed countries.…”

Section: Flame Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drinking Water Systems as a Cocktail of Emerging Organic Contaminants: Occurrence, Public Health Risks, and Research Needs

Marumure,

Simbanegavi,

Makuvara

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) of anthropogenic origins are ubiquitous in environmental compartments, including aquatic systems. Thus, EOCs have attracted considerable research and public attention due to their potential human and ecological health risks. However, compared to other aquatic environments such as wastewater systems, comprehensive reviews focussing on the occurrence and human health risks of EOCs in drinking water systems are still lacking. Therefore, to address this knowledge gap, the current review posits that drinking water systems harbour a cocktail of toxic EOCs, which pose public health risks via multiple exposure routes. In the present review, global evidence is examined to track EOCs along the source-pathway-receptor-impact-mitigation (SPRIM) continuum. Evidence shows that, various groups of EOCs, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products, solvents, plasticizers, endocrine disrupting compounds, gasoline additives, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), food colourants, artificial sweeteners, and musks and fragrances, have been detected in drinking water systems. The anthropogenic sources of EOCs detected in drinking water systems, including wastewater systems and industrial emissions, are summarized. Further, the behaviour and fate of EOCs in the drinking water systems, including removal processes are discussed. Once in drinking water systems, human exposure to EOCs may occur via ingestion of contaminated drinking water and cooked foods, and possibly dermal contact and inhalation. The high-risk environments, and risk factors and behaviours predisposing humans to EOC exposure are discussed. Evidence on the human health risks of the various EOCs and a critique of the data are presented. Notably, besides inferential data, quantitative epidemiological evidence directly relating the occurrence of EOCs in drinking water systems to specific adverse human health outcomes is still scarce. Lastly, future research directions, including the need for quantitative public health risk assessment, and the application of emerging detection tools are discussed.

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“…The main identified sources of contamination in water compartments stem from domestic and industrial wastewaters discharges [ 1 , 2 , 19 ]. This situation highlights a challenge: conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) struggle to effectively eliminate these compounds, which have been consistently identified as prevalent in WWTP effluents [ 1 , 2 , 20 , 21 ], especially the chlorinated ones [ 22 – 24 ]. The detection of these OPFRs also in drinking water samples [ 1 , 2 , 9 , 24 , 25 ] underscores a straight pathway for human exposure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel method for rapid monitoring of OPFRs by LLE and GC–MS as a tool for assessing biodegradation: validation and applicability

Losantos,

Palacios,

Berge

et al. 2024

Anal Bioanal Chem

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Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are high-production volume chemicals widely present in environmental compartments. The presence of water-soluble OPFRs (tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and triethyl phosphate (TEP)) in water compartments evidences the struggle of conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to effectively eliminate these toxic compounds. This study reports for the first time the use of white-rot fungi as a promising alternative for the removal of these OPFRs. To accomplish this, a simple and cost-efficient quantification method for rapid monitoring of these contaminants’ concentrations by GC–MS while accounting for matrix effects was developed. The method proved to be valid and reliable for all the tested parameters. Sample stability was examined under various storage conditions, showing the original samples to be stable after 60 days of freezing, while post-extraction storage techniques were also effective. Finally, a screening of fungal degraders while assessing the influence of the glucose regime on OPFR removal was performed. Longer chain organophosphate flame retardants, TBP and TBEP, could be easily and completely removed by the fungus Ganoderma lucidum after only 4 days. This fungus also stood out as the sole organism capable of partially degrading TCEP (35% removal). The other chlorinated compound, TCPP, was more easily degraded and 70% of its main isomer was removed by T. versicolor. However, chlorinated compounds were only partially degraded under nutrient-limiting conditions. TEP was either not degraded or poorly degraded, and it is likely that it is a transformation product from another OPFR’s degradation. These results suggest that degradation of chlorinated compounds is dependent on the concentration of the main carbon source and that more polar OPFRs are less susceptible to degradation, given that they are less accessible to radical removal by fungi. Overall, the findings of the present study pave the way for further planned research and a potential application for the degradation of these contaminants in real wastewaters. Graphical Abstract

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Organophosphate flame retardants in Hangzhou tap water system: Occurrence, distribution, and exposure risk assessment

Cited by 26 publications

References 39 publications

Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues

Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues

Drinking Water Systems as a Cocktail of Emerging Organic Contaminants: Occurrence, Public Health Risks, and Research Needs

Novel method for rapid monitoring of OPFRs by LLE and GC–MS as a tool for assessing biodegradation: validation and applicability

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