Organophosphate pesticide residues in urine of farmworkers and their children in Fresno County, California

Mills, Paul K.; Zahm, Shelia Hoar

doi:10.1002/ajim.10007

Cited by 56 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The concentrations and primary findings from these studies are outlined in Table 7. Most nonoccupational studies took place in Washington State (Curl et al 2002;Fenske et al 2000;Loewenherz et al 1997;Lu et al 2000Lu et al , 2001, California (Mills and Zahm 2001), and Arizona (O'Rourke et al 2000) and report similar findings: Children who lived near farmland or had a parent who was a farmer had higher DAP concentrations than did both reference children in the studies and our populationbased reference concentrations for children.…”

Section: Concentration (Nmol/g Creatinine)supporting

confidence: 81%

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Concentrations of dialkyl phosphate metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides in the U.S. population.

Barr

Bravo

Weerasekera

et al. 2004

Environ Health Perspect

269

157

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We report population-based concentrations, stratified by age, sex, and racial/ethnic groups, of dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites of multiple organophosphorus pesticides. We measured dimethylphosphate (DMP), dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP), dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP), diethylphosphate (DEP), diethylthiophosphate (DETP), and diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP) concentrations in 1,949 urine samples collected in U.S. residents 6-59 years of age during 1999 and 2000 as a part of the ongoing National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We detected each DAP metabolite in more than 50% of the samples, with DEP being detected most frequently (71%) at a limit of detection of 0.2 microg/L. The geometric means for the metabolites detected in more than 60% of the samples were 1.85 microg/L for DMTP and 1.04 microg/L for DEP. The 95th percentiles for each metabolite were DMP, 13 microg/L; DMTP, 46 microg/L; DMDTP, 19 micro g/L; DEP, 13 microg/L; DETP, 2.2 microg/L; and DEDTP, 0.87 microg/L. We determined the molar sums of the dimethyl-containing and diethyl-containing metabolites; their geometric mean concentrations were 49.4 and 10.5 nmol/L, respectively, and their 95th percentiles were 583 and 108 nmol/L, respectively. These data are also presented as creatinine-adjusted concentrations. Multivariate analyses showed concentrations of DAPs in children 6-11 years of age that were consistently significantly higher than in adults and often higher than in adolescents. Although the concentrations between sexes and among racial/ethnic groups varied, no significant differences were observed. These data will be important in evaluating the impact of organophosphorus pesticide exposure in the U.S. population and the effectiveness of regulatory actions.

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Section: Concentration (Nmol/g Creatinine)supporting

confidence: 81%

“…Therefore, in many epidemiologic studies, markers of exposure in biologic samples have been measured to estimate the absorbed dose (Aprea et al 1996;Curl et al 2002;Loewenherz et al 1997;Lu et al 2001;Mills and Zahm 2001;Whyatt and Barr 2001). One of the most common ways to assess OP pesticide dose is quantifying six common urinary DAP metabolites.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations of dialkyl phosphate metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides in the U.S. population.

Barr

Bravo

Weerasekera

et al. 2004

Environ Health Perspect

269

157

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…A 1997 study of farmworker families near Fresno, California, included collection of spot urine samples from 9 children and 18 adults (Mills and Zahm 2001). Most samples did not have detectable levels of the six DAP metabolites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biologic monitoring has been used effectively to evaluate exposures to populations across studies and across time (Barr et al 2004a; National Research Council 1991). This approach has been used in many regional studies to determine OP pesticide exposures among young children (Adgate et al 2001; Aprea et al 2000; Heudorf and Angerer 2001; Heudorf et al 2004; Mills and Zahm 2001; Morgan et al 2005; Royster et al 2002; Shalat et al 2003). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biologic Monitoring to Characterize Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure among Children and Workers: An Analysis of Recent Studies in Washington State

Fenske

Curl

et al. 2005

Environ Health Perspect

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We examined findings from five organophosphorus pesticide biomonitoring studies conducted in Washington State between 1994 and 1999. We compared urinary dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) concentrations for all study groups and composite dimethyl alkylphosphate (DMAP) concentrations for selected groups. Children of pesticide applicators had substantially higher metabolite levels than did Seattle children and farmworker children (median DMTP, 25 μg/L; p < 0.0001). Metabolite levels of children living in agricultural communities were elevated during periods of crop spraying. Median DMTP concentrations for Seattle children and farmworker children did not differ significantly (6.1 and 5.8 μg/L DMTP, respectively; p = 0.73); however, the DMAP concentrations were higher for Seattle children than for farmworker children (117 and 87 nmol/L DMAP, respectively; p = 0.007). DMTP concentrations of U.S. children 6–11 years of age (1999–2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey population) were higher than those of Seattle children and farmworker children at the 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles. DMTP concentrations for workers actively engaged in apple thinning were 50 times higher than DMTP concentrations for farmworkers sampled outside of peak exposure periods. We conclude that workers who have direct contact with pesticides should continue to be the focus of public health interventions and that elevated child exposures in agricultural communities may occur during active crop-spraying periods and from living with a pesticide applicator. Timing of sample collection is critical for the proper interpretation of pesticide biomarkers excreted relatively soon after exposure. We surmise that differences in dietary exposure can explain the similar exposures observed among farmworker children, children living in the Seattle metropolitan area, and children sampled nationally.

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“…Even with avoidance of periconceptional or perinatal exposure, children are vulnerable to both an increased risk and an increased susceptibility to pesticides, because of their relative proximity to the ground, immature immune systems, pica behavior, and relative intake to body mass ratio 3. Among children of farmers and farm workers, such exposures are intensified through pesticide application and related activities 4,5…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Iowa Live Births in the Agricultural Health Study

Romitti

Watanabe‐Galloway

Budelier

et al. 2010

Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health

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In the Agricultural Health Study, information on participant live births was largely provided by female partners of male private applicators. At the Iowa site, such information was available for 13,599 (42.9%) of 31,707 applicators. To improve identification of live births among Iowa participants, we used a probabilistic and deterministic approach to link available demographic data from 31,707 households and information on live births from 13,599 households with 1,014,916 Iowa birth certificates. Record linkage identified 16,611 (93.7%) of 17,719 reported live births and 17,883 additional live births, most (14,411 or 80.6%) not identified due to non-participation by female partners. This record linkage produced an expanded cohort of live born children among Iowa participants, which will facilitate improved study of the effects of agricultural exposures, including pesticides, on selected birth outcomes and childhood disease.

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Organophosphate pesticide residues in urine of farmworkers and their children in Fresno County, California

Cited by 56 publications

References 21 publications

Concentrations of dialkyl phosphate metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides in the U.S. population.

Concentrations of dialkyl phosphate metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides in the U.S. population.

Biologic Monitoring to Characterize Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure among Children and Workers: An Analysis of Recent Studies in Washington State

Identification of Iowa Live Births in the Agricultural Health Study

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