Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology 2017
DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804239-7.00035-4
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Organophosphates and Carbamates

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Cited by 25 publications
(19 citation statements)
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“…Evidence suggests that OP poisoning has become a major toxicological threat to humans and animals through various toxic e ects such as neurotoxicity, endocrine toxicity, reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity, and disruption of glucose homeostasis. e primary mechanism of action by OP and carbamate insecticides is the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AchE), an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine [6,7]. In addition to cholinergic outcomes due to OP and carbamate poisoning, harmful e ects on the liver have been observed in acute ingestions and chronic exposures.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Evidence suggests that OP poisoning has become a major toxicological threat to humans and animals through various toxic e ects such as neurotoxicity, endocrine toxicity, reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity, and disruption of glucose homeostasis. e primary mechanism of action by OP and carbamate insecticides is the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AchE), an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine [6,7]. In addition to cholinergic outcomes due to OP and carbamate poisoning, harmful e ects on the liver have been observed in acute ingestions and chronic exposures.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The strategy used by farmers to counteract nematodes presence is application of organophosphates and carbamates pesticides, as well as methyl bromide (Jones et al, 2016). These products are considered highly toxic to humans and environment, reason why its use has been restricted (Gupta et al, 2017). The forgoing has led development of ecological alternatives such as crop rotation, cover crops, resistant varieties, biological control and grafted plants (Ban et al, 2014;Singh and Phulera, 2015).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Organophosphates (OPs) consist of a large class of synthetic compounds that are used heavily as insecticides to control a variety of insects in an agricultural, as well as household, environment. 1 , 2 Overexposure to insecticides containing OPs is a major cause of OP poisoning in humans 3 and animals, particularly household cats and dogs, in some countries. The toxicity of OPs is mainly caused by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which causes termination of a neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) at the synapse in the autonomic nervous system, central nervous system (CNS) and neuromuscular junction (NMJ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The resultant inhibition of AChE leads to an accumulation of acetylcholine, which overstimulates muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. 2 , 4 The subsequent signs of toxicity comprise a variety of features, including: muscarinic effects (salivation, lachrymation, urination, defecation/dyspnoea, gastrointestinal upset, emesis [also known as ‘SLUDGE syndrome’]; or diarrhoea/diaphoresis, urination, miosis, bradycardia/bronchospasm, emesis, lachrymation, salivation [also known as ‘DUMBELS’]); nicotinic effects on the sympathetic system (tachycardia, mydriasis, hypertension, sweating); nicotinic and muscarinic effects in the CNS (confusion, agitation, coma and respiratory failure); and nicotinic effects in the NMJ (muscle weakness, twitching, paralysis and fasciculations). 5 , 6 Generally, the safety margin of OPs is narrow owing to a steep dose–response curve.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%