Organophosphorus and carbamate insecticide poisoning

Vale, Allister; Lotti, Marcello

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-62627-1.00010-x

Cited by 149 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 138 publications

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“…Due to the wide range of toxic effects, patients may require extra modalities of treatment, in addition to the poison-directed antidote therapy. There is shortage in verifying new treatments for organophosphorus poisoning [5].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sodium Bicarbonate and N-Acetyl Cysteine in Treatment of Organophosphorus Poisoning Cases: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Motawei¹,

El-Biomy²

2017

Toxicol Open Access

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Introduction: Organophosphorus poisoning (OPP) is an important health problem in many parts of the world particularly in developing countries. However, the treatment did not change since many years, despite the increasing complications and case fatalities of the exposure. From the clinical experience, some pharmacologic agents had proved useful in improving the outcome and decreasing the complications of this exposure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is shown by relapse after apparent resolution of cholinergic symptoms. It manifests by muscle paralysis particularly in upper-limb muscles, neck flexors, and cranial nerves, about 24-96 h after OP exposure and is often associated with the development of respiratory failure [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium Bicarbonate and N-Acetyl Cysteine in Treatment of Organophosphorus Poisoning Cases: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Motawei¹,

El-Biomy²

2017

Toxicol Open Access

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“…7 Pralidoxime should be administered concurrently with atropine to avoid worsening of symptoms due to temporary oxime-induced AChE inhibition. 10 Oxime therapy should be considered in all patients with evidence of moderate to severe cholinergic features, neuromuscular dysfunction, or exposure to OPs known to result in delayed neurotoxicity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10 Oxime therapy should be considered in all patients with evidence of moderate to severe cholinergic features, neuromuscular dysfunction, or exposure to OPs known to result in delayed neurotoxicity. 7 Pralidoxime is an available, relatively expensive, and widely used oxime in the treatment of patients with OPs poisoning. Unfortunately, this agent is not appropriately used in human OPs poisoning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also OPs have been used as nerve agents in warfare and terrorist attacks. 7 This widespread usage has made exposure to these highly toxic compounds common and inevitable. 5,8 Due to extensive use as well as poor surveillance for human exposure to pesticides, health consequences including intentional poisoning are reported more frequently in developing countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Pralidoxime Use in an Iranian Teaching Referral Hospital

Mohammadi¹,

Nahandi²,

Raad³

et al. 2018

Pharm Sci

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Insecticides

Tosti,

Metruccio,

Moretto

2023

Patty's Toxicology

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Insecticides include a variety of compounds that act against different target species targeting different receptors, enzymes or functions. Hence, there are many chemical groups that also present different species specificity and toxicity for humans. They are used in agriculture, in public health to fight against vectors of disease or nuisance insects, and in veterinary medicine. Some, for example, avermectins, are also used in human medicine. In general, they act on different molecular targets within the nervous system with variable species specificity. For instance, carbamates inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) without significant differences in potency between insects and mammals, while there is a significantly higher sensitivity to neonicotinoids of insects' nicotinic receptors as compared to mammalian ones. Also, significant differences in metabolism are responsible of the low toxicity of pyrethroids to mammalians as compared to insects. Application of insecticides is usually upwards; hence, human exposure during their application may be higher than that following the application of herbicides. Factors that impact on the level of exposure include the amount of active ingredient per hectare, water volume (dilution), the protective equipment used. Dermal exposure is considered to be the most relevant, inhalation accounting for about 10% of total exposure. The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) lists mode of actions and related compounds ( www.irac‐online.org ). It will not be possible to deal with all compounds in this chapter. Therefore, groups with significant current uses will be dealt with. In addition, organophosphates are considered in a separate chapter.

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Organophosphorus and carbamate insecticide poisoning

Cited by 149 publications

References 138 publications

Sodium Bicarbonate and N-Acetyl Cysteine in Treatment of Organophosphorus Poisoning Cases: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Sodium Bicarbonate and N-Acetyl Cysteine in Treatment of Organophosphorus Poisoning Cases: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Evaluation of Pralidoxime Use in an Iranian Teaching Referral Hospital

Insecticides

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