Use of three-dimensional
bioprinting for the
in vitro
engineering of tissues
has boomed during the past five years. An
increasing number of commercial bioinks are available, with suitable
mechanical and rheological characteristics and excellent biocompatibility.
However, cell-laden bioinks based on a single polymer do not properly
mimic the complex extracellular environment needed to tune cell behavior,
as required for tissue and organ formation. Processes such as cell
aggregation, migration, and tissue patterning should be dynamically
monitored, and progress is being made in these areas, most prominently
derived from nanoscience. We review recent developments in tissue
bioprinting, cellularized bioink formulation, and cell tracking, from
both chemistry and cell biology perspectives. We conclude that an
interdisciplinary approach including expertise in polymer science,
nanoscience, and cell biology/tissue engineering is required to drive
further advancements in this field toward clinical application.