“…Several targeting algorithms have been developed in recent years including neural network classification based on VTA morphologies (Chaturvedi et al, 2013), convex optimization for targeting several (Xiao et al, 2016), or a broader range (Anderson et al, 2018) of axonal pathways, orientation-selective stimulation (Lehto et al, 2017;Slopsema et al, 2018Slopsema et al, , 2020 and particle swarm optimization that can incorporate single (Pena et al, 2017) or multiple (Pena et al, 2018) objective functions. While these studies have focused primarily on optimizing electrode configurations, including monopolar and multipolar stimulation, and stimulation amplitude, model-based algorithms have also shown utility for optimizing the pattern of stimulation (Brocker et al, 2017;Cassar et al, 2017) and the shape and size of DBS (Howell et al, 2015) electrodes (Teplitzky et al, 2016).…”