Orientation-Selective Retinal Circuits in Vertebrates

Antinucci, Paride; Hindges, Robert

doi:10.3389/fncir.2018.00011

Cited by 25 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 86 publications

(269 reference statements)

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“… 41 In addition, orientation selectivity is a well-known feature of cortical neurons but rare in retinal receptive fields. 42 Nevertheless, in light of how little we know about how the retina extracts information relevant to eye growth regulation from retinal images, such aspects of the spatial environment merit further investigation. In addition, this analysis is limited in that it analyzed static rather than dynamic images typical of our natural visual world which could vary in illuminance and spatial frequency content—variations that may be important to eye growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Spatial Frequency Content of Urban and Indoor Environments as a Potential Risk Factor for Myopia Development

Flitcroft

Harb

Wildsoet

2020

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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To examine the hypothesis that the spatial frequency spectra of urban and indoor environments differ from the natural environment in ways that may promote the development of myopia. METHODS. A total of 814 images were analyzed from three datasets; University of California Berkeley (UCB), University of Texas (UT), and Botswana (UPenn). Images were processed in Matlab (Mathworks Inc) to map the camera color characteristics to human cone sensitivities. From the photopic luminance images generated, two-dimensional spatial frequency (SF) spectra were calculated and converted to one-dimensional spectra by rotational averaging. The spatial filtering profile of a 0.4 Bangerter foil, which has been shown to induce myopia experimentally, was also determined. RESULTS. The SF slope for natural scenes followed the recognized 1/f α relationship with mean slopes of −1.08, −0.90, and −1.04 for the UCB, UT and UPenn image sets, respectively. Indoor scenes had a significantly steeper slope (−1.48, UCB; −1.52, UT; P < 0.0001). Urban environments showed an intermediate slope (−1.29, UCB; −1.22, UT) that was significantly different from the slopes derived from the natural scenes (P < 0.0001). The change in SF content between natural outdoor scenes and indoors was comparable to that induced by a 0.4 Bangerter foil, which reduced the SF slope of a natural scene from −0.88 to −1.47. CONCLUSIONS. Compared to natural outdoor images, man-made outdoor and indoor environments have spatial frequency characteristics similar to those known to induce form-deprivation myopia in animal models. The spatial properties of the man-made environment may be one of the missing drivers of the human myopia epidemic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Spatial Frequency Content of Urban and Indoor Environments as a Potential Risk Factor for Myopia Development

Flitcroft

Harb

Wildsoet

2020

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…There is also compelling evidence from mice and macaques demonstrating retinal amacrine 51 and ganglion cells 52 exhibiting preferential sensitivity to vertically or horizontally oriented features. 53 Therefore, the detection of orientation cues associated with astigmatism may occur early in the visual pathway in the retina. Interestingly, these orientation selective inner retinal neurons have also been demonstrated to be sensitive to spatiotemporal increments (ON response) or decrements (OFF response) in retinal luminance, 51 , 53 with the retinal ON/OFF signaling pathway also known to contribute to vision-dependent mechanisms regulating eye growth in mice 54 and recent evidence showing bidirectional changes in human ChT with ON/OFF stimuli.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 53 Therefore, the detection of orientation cues associated with astigmatism may occur early in the visual pathway in the retina. Interestingly, these orientation selective inner retinal neurons have also been demonstrated to be sensitive to spatiotemporal increments (ON response) or decrements (OFF response) in retinal luminance, 51 , 53 with the retinal ON/OFF signaling pathway also known to contribute to vision-dependent mechanisms regulating eye growth in mice 54 and recent evidence showing bidirectional changes in human ChT with ON/OFF stimuli. 55 Therefore, it seems plausible that the inner retinal neurons involved in detection of sign of spherical defocus 44 , 56 may also process the orientation specific cues associated with astigmatic defocus and initiate a cascade of (potentially local) signals leading to changes in ChT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Astigmatic Defocus Leads to Short-Term Changes in Human Choroidal Thickness

Hoseini-Yazdi

Vincent

Read

et al. 2020

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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To examine the choroidal thickness (ChT) response to short-term with-the-rule (WTR) and against-the-rule (ATR) simple myopic astigmatic defocus, with the response to spherical myopic defocus and clear vision used as control conditions. METHODS. The left eye of 18 healthy adults aged 28 ± 6 years was exposed to clear vision, +3 D spherical myopic defocus, +3 D × 180 WTR, or +3 D × 90 ATR astigmatic defocus for 60 minutes, over four randomly ordered visits, while their right eye was optimally corrected. The macular ChT was measured with optical coherence tomography along the vertical and horizontal meridians before and after 20, 40, and 60 minutes of defocus. RESULTS. After 60 minutes of defocus, ChT increased by +8 ± 5 μm (P < 0.001) with spherical myopic defocus, but varied with simple myopic astigmatic defocus, depending on the axis of astigmatism (P < 0.001), increasing by +5 ± 6 μm (P = 0.037) with WTR and decreasing by −4 ± 5 μm (P = 0.011) with ATR astigmatic defocus. These changes were similar across the vertical and horizontal meridians (P = 0.22). The ChT changes were greater than the change during the clear vision control condition (−1 ± 4 μm) for WTR (+5 ± 5 μm, P = 0.002) but not ATR (−4 ± 6 μm, P = 0.09) astigmatic defocus. CONCLUSIONS. These results provide insights into the human ChT response to short-term astigmatic defocus and highlight a potential difference in the myopiagenic signal associated with the orientation of astigmatic blur.

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“…The tenm3-positive amacrine cells consistently stratified their neurites in three IPL strata but did not stratify correctly in tenm3 knockout mutants ( Antinucci et al, 2016 ). Indeed, tenm3 expression is critical for the proper development of orientation selectivity in the retina ( Antinucci et al, 2016 ; Antinucci and Hindges, 2018 ). Further studies into the classification of different teneurin positive cells, will allow us to potentially relate distinct RGC and amacrine cell types to visual functionalities based on their morphology and stratification, with BAC transgenesis being a viable method for accomplishing this.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression and Roles of Teneurins in Zebrafish

et al. 2019

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The teneurins, also known as Ten-m/Odz, are highly conserved type II transmembrane glycoproteins widely expressed throughout the nervous system. Functioning as dimers, these large cell-surface adhesion proteins play a key role in regulating neurodevelopmental processes such as axon targeting, synaptogenesis and neuronal wiring. Synaptic specificity is driven by molecular interactions, which can occur either in a trans-homophilic manner between teneurins or through a trans-heterophilic interaction across the synaptic cleft between teneurins and other cell-adhesion molecules, such as latrophilins. The significance of teneurins interactions during development is reflected in the widespread expression pattern of the four existing paralogs across interconnected regions of the nervous system, which we demonstrate here via in situ hybridization and the generation of transgenic BAC reporter lines in zebrafish. Focusing on the visual system, we will also highlight the recent developments that have been made in furthering our understanding of teneurin interactions and their functionality, including the instructive role of teneurin-3 in specifying the functional wiring of distinct amacrine and retinal ganglion cells in the vertebrate visual system underlying a particular functionality. Based on the distinct expression pattern of all teneurins in different retinal cells, it is conceivable that the combination of different teneurins is crucial for the generation of discrete visual circuits. Finally, mutations in all four human teneurin genes have been linked to several types of neurodevelopmental disorders. The opportunity therefore arises that findings about the roles of zebrafish teneurins or their orthologs in other species shed light on the molecular mechanisms in the etiology of such human disorders.

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Orientation-Selective Retinal Circuits in Vertebrates

Cited by 25 publications

References 86 publications

The Spatial Frequency Content of Urban and Indoor Environments as a Potential Risk Factor for Myopia Development

The Spatial Frequency Content of Urban and Indoor Environments as a Potential Risk Factor for Myopia Development

Astigmatic Defocus Leads to Short-Term Changes in Human Choroidal Thickness

Expression and Roles of Teneurins in Zebrafish

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