Orientation tuning of cytochrome oxidase patches in macaque primary visual cortex

Economides, John R.; Sincich, Lawrence C.; Adams, Daniel L.; Horton, Jonathan C.

doi:10.1038/nn.2958

Cited by 39 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…3 A and C), respectively. We further examined statistically how well these two clusters separated from each other by the methods of two-group k-means clustering and the silhouette values (39,40). The computed silhouette values showed that for each monkey, only two of the 39 data points had negative silhouette values (gray dots in Fig.…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The distribution of the comparison of single neuron's CC values between two alignments was tested by using the k-means clustering analysis (MATLAB version 7.9.0; MathWorks) (40). To evaluate objectively how well the clustering analysis fits with the experimental data, the silhouette value of each data point, which measures the confidence level of a data point belonging to a cluster, was computed.…”

Section: Neural Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Two subdivisions of macaque LIP process visual-oculomotor information differently

Chen

Wei

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Although the cerebral cortex is thought to be composed of functionally distinct areas, the actual parcellation of area and assignment of function are still highly controversial. An example is the much-studied lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP). Despite the general agreement that LIP plays an important role in visualoculomotor transformation, it remains unclear whether the area is primary sensory-or motor-related (the attention-intention debate). Although LIP has been considered as a functionally unitary area, its dorsal (LIPd) and ventral (LIPv) parts differ in local morphology and long-distance connectivity. In particular, LIPv has much stronger connections with two oculomotor centers, the frontal eye field and the deep layers of the superior colliculus, than does LIPd. Such anatomical distinctions imply that compared with LIPd, LIPv might be more involved in oculomotor processing. We tested this hypothesis physiologically with a memory saccade task and a gap saccade task. We found that LIP neurons with persistent memory activities in memory saccade are primarily provoked either by visual stimulation (vision-related) or by both visual and saccadic events (vision-saccade-related) in gap saccade. The distribution changes from predominantly vision-related to predominantly vision-saccaderelated as the recording depth increases along the dorsal-ventral dimension. Consistently, the simultaneously recorded local field potential also changes from visual evoked to saccade evoked. Finally, local injection of muscimol (GABA agonist) in LIPv, but not in LIPd, dramatically decreases the proportion of express saccades. With these results, we conclude that LIPd and LIPv are more involved in visual and visual-saccadic processing, respectively.T he lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP), a subregion of the posterior parietal cortex in humans and macaques, is a node connecting the visual and saccadic circuits (1, 2). Neurons in LIP discharge during visually evoked saccadic eye movements (3, 4). In particular, many LIP neurons persistently discharge throughout the delay interval during the memory-guided saccades (5-7). Such persistent activity has been associated with visuomotor transformation (8), working memory (8, 9), visual attention (10), saccadic intention (6), and other cognitive functions (11-17). The involvement of the persistent activity in many cognitive functions has hindered our understanding of LIP's role in processing vision-and saccaderelated information. For instance, a large body of evidence has indicated that the persistent activity reflects selective spatial attention and priority map formation (4,7,10,18). In contrast, a similar amount of evidence has suggested that the persistent activity represents motor plans for the impending saccades (3,6,19). We attempted to resolve this long-standing controversy by considering the physiology of LIP in the context of its anatomical structure.Although LIP is usually considered as a functionally unitary area, it is actually composed of two anatomically distinct subdivisions: ...

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Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Neural Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Two subdivisions of macaque LIP process visual-oculomotor information differently

Chen

Wei

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…All primates seem to have a pattern of cytochrome oxidase (CO)-rich blobs (reflecting high metabolic activity) within interblob surrounds of lower CO levels (23)(24)(25). Neurons in the blobs respond to color, are less selective for stimulus orientation, and have higher firing rates than neurons between the blobs (7,(26)(27)(28)(29). However, blobs and interblob regions are found not only in primates with trichromatic or dichromatic color systems but also in nocturnal primates with only one functional type of cone in the retina (30).…”

Section: Classic Columnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of columns, modules, and domains in the neocortex of primates

Kaas

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

136

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The specialized regions of neocortex of mammals, called areas, have been divided into smaller functional units called minicolumns, columns, modules, and domains. Here we describe some of these functional subdivisions of areas in primates and suggest when they emerged in mammalian evolution. We distinguish several types of these smaller subdivisions. Minicolumns, vertical arrays of neurons that are more densely interconnected with each other than with laterally neighboring neurons, are present in all cortical areas. Classic columns are defined by a repeating pattern of two or more types of cortex distinguished by having different inputs and neurons with different response properties. Sensory stimuli that continuously vary along a stimulus dimension may activate groups of neurons that vary continuously in location, producing “columns” without specific boundaries. Other groups or columns of cortical neurons are separated by narrow septa of fibers that reflect discontinuities in the receptor sheet. Larger regions of posterior parietal cortex and frontal motor cortex are parts of networks devoted to producing different sequences of movements. We distinguish these larger functionally distinct regions as domains. Columns of several types have evolved independently a number of times. Some of the columns found in primates likely emerged with the first primates, whereas others likely were present in earlier ancestors. The sizes and shapes of columns seem to depend on the balance of neuron activation patterns and molecular signals during development.

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“…A V1 irányokra (tájolás) és szí-nekre reagáló lokális kis neuroncsoportjai a mitochondrialis citokróm-oxidáz-csoportoknak felelnek meg 47 . Ha a V1 neuronok kis csoportjait -durva hasonlattal -mint a tévémonitor "pixeljeit" (színegysé-gei) képzeljük el (4. ábra), akkor a vizuális percepció során aktiválódott sok millió retinotopikus neuron összehangolt elektromos tüzelése során ezen neuronokban szinkronizált biofotonok keletkezhetnek, amelyek a külsô, retinalis fotonokkal érzékelt vizuális világot a jóval gyengébb intenzitású belsô biofotonokkal újraalkothatják (rereprezentálják), így egy belsô képi reprezentáció, más néven belsô biofizikai virtuális vizuális realitás keletkezik.…”

Section: Hubel éS Wieselunclassified

A Visual Based Proto-Consciousness Model of Human Thinking

Szőke¹,

Hegyi²,

Császár³

et al. 2016

Ideggyogy Sz

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Background and objectives -Here we present our results of many years of research on the visual (pictorial) representation model expanded with some new ideas in a simplified form. Our goal is to make available our new pictorial model for a broader scientific community and to point to its possible importance in the future. Method -Own scientific publications, selective literature analysis and preliminary experiments. Results -Our several scientific publications and preliminary experiments were presented outlining our new molecular visual representation model as brain might be able to generate internal images by regulated biophotons in early V1 retinotopic visual regions. We also proposed that some of symptoms and characteristics of autism and savantism may suggest that visual (pictorial) thinking might be a possible cognitive model in the case of healthy people as well. Our model can present a uniform molecular basis for many visual related phenomena. Conclusions -It is possible that a so-called visual protoconsciousness might be developed in evolution, which is directly related to the retinotopic visual areas, and which has a different cognitive ability from verbal abilities. If our model can be exactly proved it presents a common molecular basis for various visual phenomena such as visual perception and imagination, phosphenes ect. and might open new ways in several fields of science such as visual prosthesis for the blind, artificial intelligence, visual neuroscience, cognitive and autism research.

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Orientation tuning of cytochrome oxidase patches in macaque primary visual cortex

Cited by 39 publications

References 50 publications

Two subdivisions of macaque LIP process visual-oculomotor information differently

Two subdivisions of macaque LIP process visual-oculomotor information differently

Evolution of columns, modules, and domains in the neocortex of primates

A Visual Based Proto-Consciousness Model of Human Thinking

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