Origin and Development of the Terminal Carpel in Pseudowintera traversii

2010

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

110

In basal angiosperms (including ANITA grade, magnoliids, Choranthaceae, Ceratophyllaceae) almost all bisexual flowers are dichogamous (with male and female functions more or less separated in time), and nearly 100 per cent of those are protogynous (with female function before male function). Movements of floral parts and differential early abscission of stamens in the male phase are variously associated with protogyny. Evolution of synchronous dichogamy based on the day/night rhythm and anthesis lasting 2 days is common. In a few clades in Magnoliales and Laurales heterodichogamy has also evolved. Beetles, flies and thrips are the major pollinators, with various degrees of specialization up to large beetles and special flies in some large-flowered Nymphaeaceae, Magnoliaceae, Annonaceae and Aristolochiaceae. Unusual structural specializations are involved in floral biological adaptations (calyptras, inner staminodes, synandria and food bodies, and secretory structures on tepals, stamens and staminodes). Numerous specializations that are common in monocots and eudicots are absent in basal angiosperms. Several families are poorly known in their floral biology.

Section: (C) Syntepalymentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of floral biology in basal angiosperms

2010

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

110

“…Carpels 1-50 (Vink, 1993), small to medium, whorled, irregularly or spirally arranged (Hiepko, 1966;Erbar & Leins, 1983;Endress, 1986;Vink, 1993), frer or (in part of agognum, Vink, 1977Vink, , 1985 syncarpous, ascidiate (often with dorsdl bulge) or largely plicate (Z~mannza) (see also 'l'ucker, 1959;Sampson, 1963;Tucker & Giflord, 1966;Leinfellner, 1969;Sampson & Tucker, 1978;van Heel, 1983). For the elusive Takhtqanza it has been disputed whether the gynoecium is bicarpellateparacarpous (Leroy, 1977) or unicarpcllate (Tucker & Sampson, 1979).…”

Section: Win Teraceae ( L~? G I M I24-i 73)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gynoecium diversity and systematics of the Magnoliales and winteroids

Igersheim

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society

1997

109

Carpel and ovule structure was compared in representatives of all 11 families of the Magnoliales (Annonaceae, Canellaceae, Degeneriaceae, Eupomatiaccae, Himantandraceae, Magnoliaceae, Myristicaceae) and winteroids (Austrobaileyaceae, Illiciaceae, Sehisandraceae, Winteraceae). Special attention was paid to features that are constant at family level. Bisexual flowers are always protogynous. In all representatives studied the carpels are closed at anthesis. Caipel closure is attained in three different ways: (1) postgenital fusion of inner surfaces (Degeneriaceae, Eupomatiaccae. Winteraceae), or (2) occlusion by secretion (Austrobaileyaceae, Sehisandraceae), or (3) a combination of (1) and (2): in Annonaceae, Canellaceae, Myristicaceae there is a conspicuous secretory canal in the innermost part of the ventral slit; in Illiciaceae and Magnoliaceae there is a narrow canal in the innermost part of the ventral slit; and in Himantandraceae the ventral slit is postgenilally fused in the style but completely open in the ovary. In most families the carpels have a double stigmalic crest or they have two tips in the transversal symmetry plane (i.e. at right angles to the median plane). Stigmas are unicellular papillate in most families but the papillae are bi‐to multicellular (uniseriate) in Degeneriaceae and Eupomatiaceae. An unusual cryptic exlracarpellary compitum was found in Himantandraceae and Sehisandraceae. Intrusive oil cells were found in the carpel epidermis of Illiciaceae and Sehisandraceae. Mature ovules vary in length between 0.15 and 1.1 mm. The outer integument is fully annular (not semiannular) in Degeneriaceae, Himantandraceae, Canellaceae, Myristicaceae, and Illiciaceae. A rudimentary aril occurs in Canellaceae, and originates at the same site as in arillate Annonaceae and Myristicaceae. The results most strongly support an Annonaceae‐Myristicaceae‐Canellaceae alliance, to some degree also an Eupomatiaccac‐Degeneriaceae‐Himantandraceae‐Magnoliaceae alliance, and an Illiciaceae‐Schisandraceae‐Winteraccae‐Austrobaileyaceae alliance.

“…It is also common in all four orders of magnoliids [e.g. Annonaceae (Leins & Erbar, ), Degeneriaceae (Swamy, ), Magnoliaceae (Erbar, ), Myristicaceae (van Heel, ), Calycanthaceae (Erbar, ; Staedler et al ., ), Hernandiaceae (Endress & Lorence, ), Lauraceae (Endress, ,b) (this study, Figs 12–14), Monimiaceae (Endress, ,b), Siparunaceae (Endress, ,b), Winteraceae (Tucker, ; Sampson, ; Tucker & Gifford, ; Sampson & Kaplan, ; Vink, ; Sampson & Tucker, ; Erbar, ; Endress, ; Doust, ; Doust & Drinnan, ), Aristolochiaceae (Leins & Erbar, , ; Leins, Erbar & van Heel, ; González & Stevenson, ), Piperaceae (Tucker, , , , ; Liang & Tucker, )]. In Laurus nobilis (Endress, ,b, ; this study, Figs 12–14) and other Laurales, the basal part of the closure of the carpel is by a short transverse secondary margin of the carpel wall, which may simulate the single ovule.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…This is in contrast to earlier literature (Bailey & Swamy, ; Eames, ) and several textbooks, in which carpels of Degeneria and Tasmannia (as Drimys ) have even been claimed to be unclosed at anthesis. That the carpels are closed at anthesis in these and other early diverging angiosperms was shown by several authors (Tucker, ; Tucker & Gifford, ; Sampson & Kaplan, ; Igersheim & Endress, ; Endress & Igersheim, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 57%

Patterns of angiospermy development before carpel sealing across living angiosperms: diversity, and morphological and systematic aspects

2015

Bot J Linn Soc

Almost all angiosperms are angiospermous, i.e. the ovules are enclosed in carpels at anthesis and during seed development, but angiospermy develops in different ways across angiosperms. The most common means of carpel closure is by a longitudinal ventral slit in carpels that are partly or completely free. In such carpels, the closure process commonly begins at midlength of the prospective longitudinal slit and then proceeds downward and upward. Closure by a transverse slit is rarer, but it is prominent in groups of the ANITA grade and in a few early branching monocots (some Alismatales) and some early branching eudicots (a few Ranunculaceae and Nelumbonaceae), in these eudicots combined with a more or less developed longitudinal slit. In all these cases the carpels have a single ovule in ventral median position. In ANITA lines with pluriovulate carpels, there is only a short longitudinal slit in the uniformly ascidiate carpels. In carpels with a unifacial style the closure area is narrow; this pattern is rare and scattered mainly in some wind-pollinated monocots and eudicots. In most angiosperms the carpels become closed before the ovules are visible from the outside of the still incompletely closed carpels (early carpel closure). This is notably the case in the ANITA grade and magnoliids. Delayed carpel closure, with the ovules visible before the carpels are closed, is much rarer and is concentrated in a few monocots (mainly some Alismatales and some Poales) and a few eudicots (mainly a few Ranunculales and many Caryophyllales, and scattered in some other eudicots). A kind of delayed carpel closure (with the placenta visible before closure but mostly not the ovules) also occurs in syncarpous gynoecia with a free central placenta. Most gynoecia with a free central placenta occur in the superasterids. In such gynoecia the individual carpel tips are not differentiated but the opening in young gynoecia has the shape of a circular diaphragm. In this case, when ovary septa and free carpel tips are missing, the number of carpels is sometimes unclear (Primulaceae, Lentibulariaceae, some Santalaceae). Extremely ascidiate carpels are concentrated in the ANITA grade, a few magnoliids and some early branching monocots. Aspects of potential advantages of plicate vs. ascidiate carpels with regard to flexibility of pollen tube transmitting tract differentiation are discussed.