Origin and early evolutionary radiation of the Order Lagenida (Foraminifera)

Abstract

The Order Lagenida is a monophyletic group of calcareous foraminifers that originated in Middle Pennsylvanian time via acquisition of hyaline-radial wall structure and loss of microgranular wall structure, the latter being characteristic of the close sister group and likely ancestor, the Fusulinida. Early lagenides are delineated into subgroups on the basis of presence or absence of partitioning within their tests, and among partitioned forms, on continuous versus discontinuous growth styles. Partitioned, discontinuously growing forms may be further delineated on the basis of test symmetry and on modifications to chamber shape and apertural complexity. Early lagenides underwent rapid taxonomic differentiation during late Moscovian and early Kasimovian time. Taxonomic differentiation was accompanied by rapid dispersal from the presumed center of origin in the midcontinent-Andean area to tropical and subtropical shelves worldwide. By Early Permian time certain lagenides were adapted to cool water paleoenvironments, as evidenced by their occurrences in high paleolatitudes and even in glaciomarine basins. Early Permian lagenides do not exhibit marked provincialism, but there is evidence for paleolatitudinal control on assemblages. The midcontinent-Andean and present Arctic areas contain similar, diverse faunas from low- to mid paleolatitudes along the western margin of Pangaea. These faunas share many elements in common with faunas from the tropical and subtropical eastern margin of Pangaea (Paleotethys). In contrast, the Europe-Urals, Siberian and Australian areas are characterized by a slightly different faunal association from mid- to high paleolatitudes in both hemispheres. Panthalssan faunas are less well known, but seemingly contain only cosmopolitan taxa.

Latest Permian deep-water foraminifers from Daxiakou, Hubei, South China

“…Deep-water environments would be one of the refuges during the Permian–Triassic crisis. Some foraminifers known from the Early Triassic were found to have an affinity to latest Permian forms based on the morphology and wall ultrastructure of their test (Groves et al, 2003), implying that they could have survived the end-Permian oceanic crisis. When–where–how the foraminifers survived in the Permian–Triassic transition remains largely unclear, although one hypothesis proposed that the deep-water environments would be one of the refuges when the upper water column became lethally hot (Joachimski et al, 2012), because deep-water foraminifers may survive in anoxic and colder environments but not in high temperatures.…”

“…Significantly, deep-water environments would be one of the refuges during the Permian–Triassic crisis. Some foraminifers known from the Early Triassic were found to have a close affinity to latest Permian lineages based on their morphology and wall ultrastructure (Groves et al, 2003; Krainer and Vachard, 2011; Rigaud et al, in press), suggesting that some foraminifers could have survived the end-Permian oceanic crisis.…”

End-Permian Mass Extinction of Lagenide Foraminifers in the Southern Alps (Northern Italy)

“…The present paper is one in a series in which we have attempted to determine the extent to which lagenides were af fected by the end-Permian extinction and its aftermath. To date, we have established that lagenides originated in Middle Pennsylvanian time and then quickly experienced a phase of rapid taxonomic and biogeographic diversification (Groves et al, 2003a). Using test architecture, wall ultrastructure, crystallography, and worldwide occurrence records, we established that at least some lagenides survived the end-Permian extinction, allowing us to in fer that Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic-Cenozoic lagenides are ge nealogically linked and that the order is monophyletic (Groves et al, 2004.…”

Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition and foraminifers of condensed basal Zechstein (Upper Permian) strata in western Poland: environmental and stratigraphic implications

“…We use the classification by Loeblich and Tappan () supplemented by Groves et al . (, ) in this paper.…”