Origin and evolution of the Haustoriidae (Amphipoda): A eulogy for the Haustoriidira

Abstract

Haustoriid amphipods, despite their ubiquity in coastal sand or mud, have received little recent attention and their systematics and phylogenetics are largely unresolved. Some efforts have been made at classifying the family within the broader Amphipoda, but there is persistent incongruence in its placement among different authors and techniques. Furthermore, there exists no phylogenetic hypothesis of intrafamilial relationships despite the potential for rich biogeographic information to be gained given the specific habitat requirements of haustoriids and their limited dispersal abilities. In this work, we evaluate the competing hypotheses on the phylogenetic position of the Haustoriidae within Amphipoda by examining new and previously published sequences of nearly 100 species across 38 families. We find strong support for the Haustoriidae as basal gammarids, and that other families placed within the parvorder Haustoriidira are spread across Amphipoda. The radiation began during the Eocene and may have been driven in North America by the rapid filling of a coastal niche opened by the Chesapeake Bay impact crater. Unlike previous work, we find that the Pacific-endemic genus Eohaustorius is the most basal haustoriid, and that it separated from the rest of the family ~31 Mya. Finally, based on ancestral reconstructions, we provide taxonomic recommendations for relationships within Haustoriidae, including the elevation of a new genus, Cryptohaustorius. We conclude by recommending that the Haustoriidira be abandoned.

Taxonomic, ecological and morphological diversity of Ponto-Caspian gammaridean amphipods: a review

“…Morphologically, most fossorial amphipods are classified within the superfamily Haustorioidea (Lowry and Myers 2017). However, molecular phylogenies indicate that the fossorial body-type evolved multiple times independently (Copilaş-Ciocianu, Borko, et al 2020;Hancock et al 2020). A noticeable resemblance can be observed between the Ponto-Caspian genus Compactogammarus and the hyaloidean Proboscinotus Barnard, 1967 (Fig.…”