Origin, Methods, and Evolution of the Three Nurses’ Health Studies

Bao, Ying; Bertoia, Monica L.; Lenart, Elizabeth; Stampfer, Meir J.; Willett, Walter C.; Speizer, Frank E.; Chavarro, Jorge E.

doi:10.2105/ajph.2016.303338

Cited by 428 publications

(358 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…17 Follow-up has been achieved by the return of biennial questionnaires, which update information on a variety of lifestyle and health-related factors. Follow-up exceeds 90% of total potential person years.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association Between Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Cognitive Function in Women

et al. 2017

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Background & Aims Studies have reported associations between proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and dementia. However, data are lacking on long-term PPI use and cognitive function. We therefore examined associations between PPI use and performance in tests of cognitive function. Because of shared clinical indications, we examined associations for H2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) as a secondary aim. Methods We used prospectively collected data on medication use and other potential risk factors from 13,864 participants in the Nurses’ Health Study II who had completed a self-administered computerized neuropsychological test battery. Multi-variable linear regression models were used to examine associations between medication use and composite scores of psychomotor speed and attention, learning and working memory, and overall cognition. Results We observed a modest association between duration of PPI use and scores for psychomotor speed and attention (mean score difference for PPI use of 9–14 yrs vs never users, −0.06; 95% CI, −0.11 to 0.00; Ptrend = .03). After controlling for H2RA use, the magnitude of this score difference was attenuated. Among individuals who did not regularly use PPIs, duration of H2RA use was associated with poorer cognitive scores, with the strongest association apparent for learning and working memory (mean score difference for H2RA users of 9–14 years vs never users, −0.20; 95% CI, −0.32 to −0.08; Ptrend < .001). Conclusions In an analysis of data from the Nurses’ Health Study II, we did not observe a convincing association between PPI use and cognitive function. Our data do not support the suggestion that PPI use increases dementia risk. Since our primary hypothesis related to PPI use, our findings for H2RAs should be interpreted with caution.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association Between Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Cognitive Function in Women

et al. 2017

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“…15,16 Information on alcohol use was collected in 1991, 1995, 1999, and 2003. Women in NHS II were asked how often, on average, they had consumed regular beer, light beer (12 oz.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol intake and risk of rosacea in US women

Cho

Drucker

et al. 2017

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

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Background The epidemiologic association between alcohol and rosacea is unclear and inconsistent based on prior cross-sectional or case-control studies. Objective We conducted a cohort study to determine the association between alcohol intake and the risk of incident rosacea. Methods A total of 82,737 women were included from the Nurses’ Health Study II (1991–2005). Information on alcohol intake was collected every four years during follow-up. Information on history of clinician-diagnosed rosacea and year of diagnosis was collected in 2005. Results Over 14 years of follow-up, we identified 4,945 incident cases of rosacea. Compared with never drinkers, increased alcohol intake was associated with a significantly elevated risk of incident rosacea (P for trend<0.0001). The multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) were 1.12 (95% CI 1.05–1.20) for alcohol intake of 1–4 g/day, and 1.53 (1.26–1.84) for ≥30 g/day. The associations remained consistent across categories of smoking status. Further examination of types of alcoholic beverage consumed revealed that white wine (P for trend <0.0001) and liquor intake (P for trend =0.0006) were significantly associated with higher risk of rosacea. Limitations This was an epidemiologic study without examination into etiologic mechanisms. Conclusions Alcohol intake was significantly associated with an increased risk of incident rosacea in women.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In brief, the NHS began in 1976 as a long-term investigation of the health effects of contraceptive methods of married female nurses, age 30–55 years (15). The NHS2 is a prospective cohort study of younger female nurses that began in 1989 when participants were age 25–42 years (15). The HPFS began in 1986 as a prospective cohort of male health professionals designed to evaluate associations of dietary factors with the incidence of chronic diseases (16).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnesium Intake, Quality of Carbohydrates, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Results From Three U.S. Cohorts

et al. 2017

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OBJECTIVEMagnesium intake is inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in many observational studies, but few have assessed this association in the context of the carbohydrate quality of the diet. We hypothesized that higher magnesium intake is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes, especially in the context of a poor carbohydrate–quality diet characterized by low cereal fiber or high glycemic index (GI) or glycemic load (GL).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSIn the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS; 1984–2012, n = 69,176), NHS2 (1991–2013, n = 91,471), and the Health Professionals’ Follow-Up Study (1986–2012, n = 42,096), dietary intake was assessed from food frequency questionnaires every 4 years. Type 2 diabetes was ascertained by biennial and supplementary questionnaires. We calculated multivariate hazard ratios (HRs) of magnesium intake and incident diabetes, adjusted for age, BMI, family history of diabetes, physical activity, smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, GL, energy intake, alcohol, cereal fiber, polyunsaturated fats, trans fatty acids, and processed meat, and we considered the joint associations of magnesium and carbohydrate quality on diabetes risk.RESULTSWe documented 17,130 incident cases of type 2 diabetes over 28 years of follow-up. In pooled analyses across the three cohorts, those with the highest magnesium intake had 15% lower risk of type 2 diabetes compared with those with the lowest intake (pooled multivariate HR in quintile 5 vs. 1: 0.85 [95% CI 0.80–0.91], P < 0.0001). Higher magnesium intake was more strongly associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes among participants with high GI or low cereal fiber than among those with low GI or high cereal fiber (both P interaction <0.001).CONCLUSIONSHigher magnesium intake is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes, especially in the context of lower carbohydrate–quality diets.

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Origin, Methods, and Evolution of the Three Nurses’ Health Studies

Cited by 428 publications

References 34 publications

Association Between Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Cognitive Function in Women

Association Between Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Cognitive Function in Women

Alcohol intake and risk of rosacea in US women

Magnesium Intake, Quality of Carbohydrates, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Results From Three U.S. Cohorts

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