Origin of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8 Outbreak in Cyprus, September 2016

Rajko-Nenow, Paulina; Christodoulou, Vasiliki; Thurston, Will; Ropiak, Honorata M.; Savva, Savvas; Brown, Hannah; Qureshi, Mehnaz; Alvanitopoulos, Konstantinos; Gubbins, Simon; Flannery, John; Batten, Carrie

doi:10.3390/v12010096

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In addition, BTV can cause abortion or deformities in lambs or calves [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Multiple outbreaks of BTV all over the world have been documented, causing important economic losses [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. On the other hand, AHSV causes acute disease in equids, where mortality can reach 90% in susceptible horses [ 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of Orbivirus Replication by Aurintricarboxylic Acid

Alonso

Utrilla-Trigo

Calvo-Pinilla

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) are vector-borne viruses belonging to the Orbivirus genus, which are transmitted between hosts primarily by biting midges of the genus Culicoides. With recent BTV and AHSV outbreaks causing epidemics and important economy losses, there is a pressing need for efficacious drugs to treat and control the spread of these infections. The polyanionic aromatic compound aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) has been shown to have a broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Here, we evaluated ATA as a potential antiviral compound against Orbivirus infections in both mammalian and insect cells. Notably, ATA was able to prevent the replication of BTV and AHSV in both cell types in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In addition, we evaluated the effect of ATA in vivo using a mouse model of infection. ATA did not protect mice against a lethal challenge with BTV or AHSV, most probably due to the in vivo effect of ATA on immune system regulation. Overall, these results demonstrate that ATA has inhibitory activity against Orbivirus replication in vitro, but further in vivo analysis will be required before considering it as a potential therapy for future clinical evaluation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of Orbivirus Replication by Aurintricarboxylic Acid

Alonso

Utrilla-Trigo

Calvo-Pinilla

et al. 2020

IJMS

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“…The rBTV-1, rBTV-4 and BTV-1 4S2S6S7 strains at cell passage BSR4 were processed for sequencing as previously described [ 48 ]. Briefly, dsRNA was extracted from cell culture pellets using TRIzol Reagent (Life Technologies, Paisley, UK) and eluted in 100 µL of nuclease-free water (Sigma-Aldrich, Gillingham, UK).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Genome assembly was performed as previously described [ 48 ]. Briefly, the Trim Galore program 0.6.0 Ed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a BTV-Strain-Specific Single Gene That Increases Culicoides Vector Infection Rate

Ropiak

King

Busquets

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Since the 2000s, the distribution of bluetongue virus (BTV) has changed, leading to numerous epidemics and economic losses in Europe. Previously, we found a BTV-4 field strain with a higher infection rate of a Culicoides vector than a BTV-1 field strain has. We reverse-engineered parental BTV-1 and BTV-4 strains and created BTV-1/BTV-4 reassortants to elucidate the influence of individual BTV segments on BTV replication in both C. sonorensis midges and in KC cells. Substitution of segment 2 (Seg-2) with Seg-2 from the rBTV-4 significantly increased vector infection rate in reassortant BTV-14S2 (30.4%) in comparison to reverse-engineered rBTV-1 (1.0%). Replacement of Seg-2, Seg-6 and Seg-7 with those from rBTV-1 in reassortant BTV-41S2S6S7 (2.9%) decreased vector infection rate in comparison to rBTV-4 (30.2%). However, triple-reassorted BTV-14S2S6S7 only replicated to comparatively low levels (3.0%), despite containing Seg-2, Seg-6 and Seg-7 from rBTV-4, indicating that vector infection rate is influenced by interactions of multiple segments and/or host-mediated amino acid substitutions within segments. Overall, these results demonstrated that we could utilize reverse-engineered viruses to identify the genetic basis influencing BTV replication within Culicoides vectors. However, BTV replication dynamics in KC cells were not suitable for predicting the replication ability of these virus strains in Culicoides midges.

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“…In late 2018–2020, BTV-8 was reported in Germany, Switzerland, Spain, and Belgium [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. In regions more proximal to Israel, BTV-8 was reported (in sheep only) in 2016 in Cyprus [ 18 ], and in Turkey the first notification was dated 2018 [ 19 ]. In Europe, three BTV serotypes have reappeared (BTV-1, -4, and -8), with consequent disease outbreaks among domestic ruminants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic Analysis Illustrated a Single Introduction and Evolution of Israeli Bluetongue Serotype 8 Virus Population 2008–2019

Golender

Eldar²,

Ehrlich

et al. 2021

Microorganisms

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Outbreaks of the European Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 8 (BTV-8), which are characterized by activity cycles separated by years of inactivity, may be influenced by genetic changes of the virus or by herd immunity. BTV activity in Israel is characterized by similar dynamics, but differs from European countries in its vector population, environmental conditions, and lack of cattle vaccination against this serotype. Comparison of these two geographical systems and characterization of their epidemiological connection is therefore of high interest in-order to better understand the factors influencing BTV-8 evolution. BTV-8, closely related to the European strain, was introduced to Israel in 2008. It was at the center of BT outbreaks in 2010 and 2015–2016 and thereafter was lastly isolated in Israel in 2019. We performed genetic analyses of twelve BTV-8 Israeli strains isolated between 2008 and 2019 and compared them with published sequences of BTV-8 isolated in other countries. The analysis revealed a single introduction of BTV-8 into Israel and thereafter extensive occurrence of genomic drifts and multiple reassortments with local BTV strains. Comparison of the Israeli and Cypriot BTV-8 from 2015 to 2016 suggests transmission of the virus between the two countries and a separate and parallel development from European or other Israeli BTV-8 strains. The parallel development of other BTV-8 strains was demonstrated by the identification of the Israeli BTV-8 ISR-1194/1/19 strain, which exhibited common origin with reassorted Israeli BTV-8 strains from 2010 and additional reassortment of seven segments. In order to reveal the source of BTV-8 introduction into Israel we performed BEAST analysis which showed that a probable common ancestor for both European and Israeli BTV-8 presumably existed in 2003–2004. In 2019, a possible new introduction occurred in Israel, where a novel BTV-8 strain was detected, sharing ~95% identity by segments 2 and 6 with Nigerian BTV-8NIG1982/07 and European–Middle Eastern strains. The results of the study indicate that Israel and neighboring countries consist a separate environmental and evolutionary system, distinct from European ones.

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Origin of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8 Outbreak in Cyprus, September 2016

Cited by 12 publications

References 45 publications

Inhibition of Orbivirus Replication by Aurintricarboxylic Acid

Inhibition of Orbivirus Replication by Aurintricarboxylic Acid

Identification of a BTV-Strain-Specific Single Gene That Increases Culicoides Vector Infection Rate

Genomic Analysis Illustrated a Single Introduction and Evolution of Israeli Bluetongue Serotype 8 Virus Population 2008–2019

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