Origin of Plasmodium falciparum malaria is traced by mitochondrial DNA

Conway, David J.; Fanello, Caterina; Lloyd, Jennifer M.; Al-Joubori, Ban M.A.-S.; Baloch, Aftab H.; Somanath, Sushela Devi; Roper, Cally; Oduola, A. M. J.; Mulder, Bert; Póvoa, Marinete Marins; Thomas, Alan W.

doi:10.1016/s0166-6851(00)00313-3

Cited by 140 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Staining the mitochondrion of PbGFP APICO parasites with the mitochondrial-specific dye MitoTracker ® Red CMXRos, showed that the position of the mitochondrion relative to the apicoplast varied in different sporozoites, with the two organelles sometimes lying closely besides each other ( Figures 2D and S2B) and in other sporozoites being clearly distinct ( Figure 2E and Supplementary Figures S2C-S2E). We observed that Hoechst 33342, in addition to staining the sporozoite nucleus, also weakly stained the apicoplast of sporozoites ( Figure 2D), but we never observed DNA staining of the mitochondrion (Conway et al, 2000), perhaps because the mitochondrial genome is only 6 kb compared with 35 kb for the apicoplast.…”

Section: Mosquito-stage Parasite Morphology Of the Apicoplast And Mitmentioning

confidence: 73%

GFP‐targeting allows visualization of the apicoplast throughout the life cycle of live malaria parasites

Stanway

Witt

Zobiak

et al. 2009

Biology of the Cell

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Background information. The Plasmodium parasite, during its life cycle, undergoes three phases of asexual reproduction, these being repeated rounds of erythrocytic schizogony, sporogony within oocysts on the mosquito midgut wall and exo-erythrocytic schizogony within the hepatocyte. During each phase of asexual reproduction, the parasite must ensure that every new daughter cell contains an apicoplast, as this organelle cannot be formed de novo and is essential for parasite survival. To date, studies visualizing the apicoplast in live Plasmodium parasites have been restricted to the blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum.Results. In the present study, we have generated Plasmodium berghei parasites in which GFP (green fluorescent protein) is targeted to the apicoplast using the specific targeting sequence of ACP (acyl carrier protein), which has allowed us to visualize this organelle in live Plasmodium parasites. During each phase of asexual reproduction, the apicoplast becomes highly branched, but remains as a single organelle until the completion of nuclear division, whereupon it divides and is rapidly segregated into newly forming daughter cells. We have shown that the antimicrobial agents azithromycin, clindamycin and doxycycline block development of the apicoplast during exo-erythrocytic schizogony in vitro, leading to impaired parasite maturation.Conclusions. Using a range of powerful live microscopy techniques, we show for the first time the development of a Plasmodium organelle through the entire life cycle of the parasite. Evidence is provided that interference with the development of the Plasmodium apicoplast results in the failure to produce red-blood-cell-infective merozoites.

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Section: Mosquito-stage Parasite Morphology Of the Apicoplast And Mitmentioning

confidence: 73%

GFP‐targeting allows visualization of the apicoplast throughout the life cycle of live malaria parasites

Stanway

Witt

Zobiak

et al. 2009

Biology of the Cell

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“…(20), and in the mitochondrial genome (21,22). Consistent with the scarce synonymous variation in the Csp of P. vivax (Table 2), Leclerc et al (8) found no variation at all in 12 microsatellite loci (and limited variation at a 13th locus) in 108 samples of P. vivax from eight localities in Asia, Africa, South America, and New Guinea; even less microsatellite variation than in P. falciparum (23), although microsatellite polymorphisms arise at high rates by replication spillage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium vivax : Recent world expansion and genetic identity to Plasmodium simium

Lim

Tazi

Ayala

2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Plasmodium vivax causes the most geographically widespread human malaria, accounting annually for 70 -80 million clinical cases throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world's continents. We have analyzed the DNA sequences of the Csp (circumsporozoite protein) gene in 24 geographically representative strains of P. vivax and 2 of P. simium, which parasitizes several species of New World monkeys. The Csp sequences are of two types, VK210 and VK247, which differ by three diagnostic amino acid replacements, one in each of the 5 and 3 terminal regions [5 nonrepeat (NR) and 3 NR] of the gene and in an insertion sequence that precedes the 3 NR region. The central region of the gene consists of Ϸ38 repetitive ''motifs,'' which are alternatively four and five amino acids long, which also are diagnostically different between the VK210 and VK247 types. There are very few synonymous substitutions within and between the two types of strains, which we hypothesize reflects that the worldwide spread of P. vivax is very recent. The two P. simium Csp sequences belong one to each of the two VK types and are genetically indistinguishable from the corresponding P. vivax strains, suggesting that at least two host transfers have occurred between humans and New World monkeys. We exclude as unlikely the possibility that the two types of sequences could have independently arisen in humans and platyrrhines by natural selection. There are reasons favoring each of the two possible directions of host transfer between humans and monkeys.circumsporozoite protein ͉ clonal theory ͉ Plasmodium population structure ͉ host-parasite interactions ͉ malaria M alaria's human toll is appalling: 300-500 million clinical cases and 1-3 million deaths per year. Plasmodium falciparum accounts for 80% of human malaria's morbidity and mortality, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Most geographically widespread and prevalent in some regions is Plasmodium vivax, which accounts annually for 70-80 million clinical cases across much of the tropics and subtropics of the world.The evolutionary origin of P. vivax has been placed by some authors in Southeast Asia (1-3). However, the high prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa of Duffy negativity (absence of the Duffy blood group antigen) that protects against P. vivax infection has been interpreted as evidence of the African origin of P. vivax (4-6). Most recently, phylogenetic and biogeographical evidence has been advanced supporting a Southeast Asia origin (7-9).Recent investigations have shown a scarcity of selectively neutral genetic polymorphisms in P. vivax (8,10,11), which is consistent with a recent world expansion of P. vivax as a human parasite. The discovery that the platyrrhine parasite P. simium is genetically indistinguishable from P. vivax (2,7,8) manifests that a host transfer between humans and New World monkeys has happened in very recent evolutionary times.The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) has been extensively studied in P. falciparum and other Plasmodium species because of its immune significan...

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“…(2) Mitochondrial haplotypes, at least for P. falciparum, cluster according to the geographic origin of the samples. 19,20 (3) Most genetic polymorphisms in the mitochondrial genome are evolutionarily neutral and may reflect the population history of lineages more precisely than those genetic polymorphisms in antigen-coding genes. (4) Several hundreds of complete mitochondrial genome sequences from worldwide-collected P. vivax are currently available in public databases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Mitochondrial Genome Sequences to Track the Origin of Imported Plasmodium vivax Infections Diagnosed in the United States

Rodrigues¹,

Alves²,

Santamaría³

et al. 2014

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Although the geographic origin of malaria cases imported into the United States can often be inferred from travel histories, these histories may be lacking or incomplete. We hypothesized that mitochondrial haplotypes could provide region-specific molecular barcodes for tracing the origin of imported Plasmodium vivax infections. An analysis of 348 mitochondrial genomes from worldwide parasites and new sequences from 69 imported malaria cases diagnosed across the United States allowed for a geographic assignment of most infections originating from the Americas, southeast Asia, east Asia, and Melanesia. However, mitochondrial lineages from Africa, south Asia, central Asia, and the Middle East, which altogether contribute the vast majority of imported malaria cases in the United States, were closely related to each other and could not be reliably assigned to their geographic origins. More mitochondrial genomes are required to characterize molecular barcodes of P. vivax from these regions.

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Origin of Plasmodium falciparum malaria is traced by mitochondrial DNA

Cited by 140 publications

References 30 publications

GFP‐targeting allows visualization of the apicoplast throughout the life cycle of live malaria parasites

GFP‐targeting allows visualization of the apicoplast throughout the life cycle of live malaria parasites

Plasmodium vivax : Recent world expansion and genetic identity to Plasmodium simium

Using Mitochondrial Genome Sequences to Track the Origin of Imported Plasmodium vivax Infections Diagnosed in the United States

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