ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Evaluation of miosis, behavior and cholinesterase inhibition from low‐level, whole‐body vapor exposure to soman in African green monkeys (<i>Chlorocebus sabeus</i>)*

Genovese, Raymond F.; Benton, Bernard J.; Oubre, John L.; Fleming, Patrick; Jakubowski, Edward M.; Mioduszewski, Robert J.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0684.2010.00413.x

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Even when circulating AChE was substantially inhibited (35-65%) when blood was sampled 1.5 h before the behavioral session and approximately 1 h after the behavioral session, performance on the SPR task was maintained. This result is consistent with earlier studies in which SPR performance was maintained with equivalent and even greater AChE inhibition following exposure (either vapor or IM injection) to the nerve agents soman and sarin in African green and rhesus monkeys (Genovese et al, 2007b(Genovese et al, , 2008(Genovese et al, , 2010. Clearly, a substantial decrease in circulating AChE activity alone does not correlate with a performance decrease.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Determination of threshold adverse effect doses of percutaneous VX exposure in African green monkeys

Genovese

Benton²,

Oubre

et al. 2011

Toxicology

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a b s t r a c tPercutaneous exposure to the chemical warfare nerve agent VX was evaluated in African green monkeys (n = 9). Doses of VX (7.5-100 g/kg) were applied to the skin for 60 min and residual agent was quantified (before decontamination) to estimate the absorbed dose. Monkeys were evaluated for the presence or absence of clinical signs of toxicity and blood was sampled periodically (30 min-12 weeks) following exposure to measure the degree of circulating acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. Monkeys were also evaluated for behavioral changes from VX exposure using a serial probe recognition (SPR) task. The lowest observable adverse effect level (LOAEL) for the production of major clinical signs was determined to be 42.22 g/kg (absorbed dose estimate = 17.36 g/kg) and the LOAEL for AChE inhibition was 13.33 g/kg (absorbed dose estimate = 6.53 g/kg). Behavioral performance was unaffected at doses that, while producing substantial AChE inhibition, did not produce clinical signs. VX represents a substantial threat as a contact hazard and these results complement previous studies using the percutaneous route of exposure with VX and extend the findings to a non-human primate species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Determination of threshold adverse effect doses of percutaneous VX exposure in African green monkeys

Genovese

Benton²,

Oubre

et al. 2011

Toxicology

Self Cite

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“…The localised increase in ACh leads to contraction of the pupillary sphincter muscle, resulting in dose-dependent miosis [ 132 , 134 , 135 , 136 ]. Miosis is a highly sensitive index of exposure and can occur at exposure levels below those that cause systemic effects [ 137 , 138 ]. In relevant animal models, the amounts of sarin and cyclosarin required to produce miosis were up to 30- and 135-fold lower, respectively, than the amounts required for lethality [ 139 ].…”

Section: Clinical Applications Of Pupillometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Eyeing up the Future of the Pupillary Light Reflex in Neurodiagnostics

2018

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The pupillary light reflex (PLR) describes the constriction and subsequent dilation of the pupil in response to light as a result of the antagonistic actions of the iris sphincter and dilator muscles. Since these muscles are innervated by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, respectively, different parameters of the PLR can be used as indicators for either sympathetic or parasympathetic modulation. Thus, the PLR provides an important metric of autonomic nervous system function that has been exploited for a wide range of clinical applications. Measurement of the PLR using dynamic pupillometry is now an established quantitative, non-invasive tool in assessment of traumatic head injuries. This review examines the more recent application of dynamic pupillometry as a diagnostic tool for a wide range of clinical conditions, varying from neurodegenerative disease to exposure to toxic chemicals, as well as its potential in the non-invasive diagnosis of infectious disease.

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Pupil size change in agricultural workers exposed to pesticides

Jiménez-Barbosa,

Grajales Herrera,

Rodríguez Alvarez

et al. 2024

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Evaluation of miosis, behavior and cholinesterase inhibition from low‐level, whole‐body vapor exposure to soman in African green monkeys (Chlorocebus sabeus)*

Abstract: These results characterize threshold soman exposure concentrations that produce miosis in the absence of other overt signs of toxicity and extend previous studies indicating that miosis is a valuable early indicator for the detection of soman vapor exposure.

Cited by 3 publications

References 30 publications

Determination of threshold adverse effect doses of percutaneous VX exposure in African green monkeys

Determination of threshold adverse effect doses of percutaneous VX exposure in African green monkeys

Eyeing up the Future of the Pupillary Light Reflex in Neurodiagnostics

Pupil size change in agricultural workers exposed to pesticides

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