ORIGINAL ARTICLE: How many species of shore fishes are there in the Tropical Eastern Pacific?

Abstract

Aim To assess whether the total richness of the shore‐fish fauna of a discrete biogeographical region can be predicted, and to estimate how long it is likely to take to enumerate that fauna. Location The Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP), an isolated biogeographical region with a high level of endemism (72%) among its modestly rich, known fauna of shore fishes (1222 named + 58 known undescribed shallow‐water species). Methods We used patterns in the long‐term dynamics and accumulation curves of descriptions of new species, which began in 1758, correlates of these patterns, and the body size–frequency distributions of various ecological groups of the fauna to (1) try to predict the total richness of that fauna, (2) estimate how many species might be missing and what biological characteristics they might have, and (3) estimate how long their discovery and description will take to complete. Results Accumulation curves for the entire fauna, for all TEP endemics or for reef and soft‐bottom species (77.5% of the fauna) are not approaching asymptotes, and their description rates have remained fairly stable over the past century. However, curves for pelagic and multi‐habitat species (22.5% of the fauna) may be nearing asymptotes, perhaps because these species are relatively accessible to collection. These curves clearly indicate that the total TEP fauna is substantially richer than the presently known fauna, but do not allow reliable prediction of its richness. Extrapolations from frequency distributions of the body size of different ecological groups of TEP fishes indicate that the entire fauna is at least 12–15% larger than the currently known fauna. Main conclusions From recent description trends, undiscovered species will tend to be small, have limited geographic and depth ranges, and live in deeper water. Poorly known, priority areas for taxonomic investigation in the TEP include deeper reef habitats, two isolated island groups, and several continental areas with unusual environments. At current levels of traditional taxonomic activity, the description of known unnamed species will take c.15 years, and assessment of the richness of unknown species, which probably number in the hundreds, will take decades.

A comparison of visual and collection-based methods for assessing community structure of coral reef fishes in the Tropical Eastern Pacific

“…Particularly species that attain small body sizes have been underestimated in the TEP, and possible undiscovered species might belong to this group of species (Zapata & Robertson, 2007). During this study we found four new records of species for Gorgona island (Chriolepis cuneata, Gobulus crescentalis, Cosmocampus arctus, Canthigaster janthinoptera), three of which are secretive or cryptic and represent southward range extensions in the TEP (Alzate, Muñoz, Zapata & Giraldo, 2012).…”

The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute: Marine Research, Education, and Conservation in Panama

“…Systems such as these are useful for managers, biologists, students, and fi shers wanting to identify fi shes and obtain information about their biology. The information that systems such as this bring together allows comprehensive assessments of our level of knowledge about biodiversity (Zapata and Robertson, 2006) and regional geographic distribution of that diversity (Mora and Robertson, 2005;Robertson and Cramer, 2009). …”

Biases in biodiversity: wide-ranging species are discovered first in the deep sea

“…Analyses of particular taxa or functional groups have shown that wide-ranging or conspicuous species are discovered earlier than small species or those with narrow ranges (Gaston et al, 1995;Allsopp, 2003;Collen et al, 2004;Stork et al, 2008). The extent to which this bias is a phenomenon in the marine realm has so far only been tested for zooplankton and coastal fish species in the tropical eastern Pacific (Gibbons et al, 2005;Zapata and Robertson, 2007). In both cases rates of species description showed similar trends to those found in terrestrial environments.…”