Original Papers: THE AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF DISSEMINATED SCLEROSIS.: A STUDY OF 100 CASES.

Frontal Cortex Atrophy Predicts Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis

“…Although many of our patients presented with some symptoms of depressive or adjustment disorder, none met diagnostic criteria for major depressive episode. 37 Depressive symptoms are common in MS, [45][46][47][48] and the mean BDI score reported here is similar to that reported in other studies. 49 On the other hand, the degree of atrophy and T 2 lesion volume was high in comparison to other recent research using similar methods.…”

Pseudobulbar affect: an under-recognized and under-treated neurological disorder

“…Ranges of estimated prevalence for PBA and similar syndromes, such as emotional lability as variously defined and identified in published reports are indicated by the vertical gray arrows. 5,10,11,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] Prevalence rates determined in the present study with PLACS≥13 and CNS-LS≥13 are indicated by the transverse plot points. The prevalence rates determined with CNS-LS≥21 in the present study were very similar to those for PLACS≥13, and are not shown here to enhance visual clarity.…”

“…1,6 Clinical case and study data have shown that PBA may cause severe distress, embarrassment, and social disability among patients. 3,[7][8][9][10] In addition, studies have shown that patients with PBA or similar syndromes experience an increased incidence of depression, 11 impairments in executive function 12 and sexual function, 13 and ability to perform activities of daily living 14 10,11,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] ). This variability is probably due to differences in the populations studied and in the criteria and methods used for identifying PBA.…”

PRISM: A Novel Research Tool to Assess the Prevalence of Pseudobulbar Affect Symptoms Across Neurological Conditions

“…The presence of PBA symptoms was defined as a CNS-LS score $13; absence of PBA symptoms was defined as a CNS-LS , 13. A more restrictive definition was also evaluated using a CNS-LS $21.…”

“…Symptoms of frequent, excessive, and inappropriate laughing and crying associated with neurological conditions have been noted since at least the late nineteenth century [12] and were extensively described before 1940 [9,12,13,14]. The term pseudobulbar affect was coined by Oppenheim in 1911 to describe ''spasmodic explosive bursts of laughter or weeping'' [15].…”