Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic

Sharp, Paul M.; Hahn, Beatrice H.

doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841

Cited by 1,072 publications

(882 citation statements)

References 145 publications

(167 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

855

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The newly characterized SIVgor strain from site BQ resolves the question of whether HIV-1 group O resulted from a chimpanzee-to-human or gorilla-to-human transmission (1). SIVgor-BQID2 is closely related to HIV-1 group O viruses across most of its genome, and its phylogenetic position (Fig.…”

Section: Sivgor Resulted From a Single Introduction Of Sivcpz From Symentioning

confidence: 85%

“…However, much less is known about the origins of the two other HIV-1 groups. Group O viruses are more closely related to SIVgor than to SIVcpz, but it is unclear whether the immediate precursor to the human viruses infected chimpanzees or gorillas (1,9,15). Group P viruses are even more closely related to strains of SIVgor (11,12), indicating that they probably arose from a gorilla-to-human transmission, but the geographic location has not been defined.…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A IDS is caused by HIV-1 and HIV-2, which are derived from a clade of lentiviruses [simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs)] found naturally in more than 40 species of nonhuman primates in sub-Saharan Africa (1,2). These SIVs mostly fall into host-specific clades, but they have occasionally jumped species and spread successfully in new hosts.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequently, strains of SIVcpz from one chimpanzee subspecies (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) have been subject to further transmission both to humans, leading to HIV-1, and to western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), giving rise to gorilla SIV (SIVgor) (4,9). The limited number of strains of SIVgor characterized so far form a single clade, but HIV-1 strains fall into four phylogenetically distinct groups, each of which must reflect a separate cross-species transmission from apes (1). These four zoonotic events have had very different outcomes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Origin of the HIV-1 group O epidemic in western lowland gorillas

D’arc

Ayouba

Esteban

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

136

149

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

HIV-1, the cause of AIDS, is composed of four phylogenetic lineages, groups M, N, O, and P, each of which resulted from an independent cross-species transmission event of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) infecting African apes. Although groups M and N have been traced to geographically distinct chimpanzee communities in southern Cameroon, the reservoirs of groups O and P remain unknown. Here, we screened fecal samples from western lowland (n = 2,611), eastern lowland (n = 103), and mountain (n = 218) gorillas for gorilla SIV (SIVgor) antibodies and nucleic acids. Despite testing wild troops throughout southern Cameroon (n = 14), northern Gabon (n = 16), the Democratic Republic of Congo (n = 2), and Uganda (n = 1), SIVgor was identified at only four sites in southern Cameroon, with prevalences ranging from 0.8–22%. Amplification of partial and full-length SIVgor sequences revealed extensive genetic diversity, but all SIVgor strains were derived from a single lineage within the chimpanzee SIV (SIVcpz) radiation. Two fully sequenced gorilla viruses from southwestern Cameroon were very closely related to, and likely represent the source population of, HIV-1 group P. Most of the genome of a third SIVgor strain, from central Cameroon, was very closely related to HIV-1 group O, again pointing to gorillas as the immediate source. Functional analyses identified the cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G as a barrier for chimpanzee-to-gorilla, but not gorilla-to-human, virus transmission. These data indicate that HIV-1 group O, which spreads epidemically in west central Africa and is estimated to have infected around 100,000 people, originated by cross-species transmission from western lowland gorillas.

show abstract

Section: Sivgor Resulted From a Single Introduction Of Sivcpz From Symentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Origin of the HIV-1 group O epidemic in western lowland gorillas

D’arc

Ayouba

Esteban

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

136

149

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…L'homme est par ailleurs infecté par un autre type de lentivirus, le VIH-2, provenant, lui, de SIV des mangabeys enfumés [1]. Seul le VIH-1 est responsable de la pandémie de VIH/Sida ; du fait de sa répartition mondiale et de sa pathogénicité, les transmissions inter-espèces et l'adaptation du SIVcpz à l'homme ont été particulièrement étudiées [2]. Le SIVcpz est le résul-tat de transmissions inter-espèces et de recombinaisons de deux virus : le SIVrcm des mangabeys à collier blanc (Cercocebus torquatus) et le SIVmus/ mon/gsn infectant les cercopithèques (Cercopithecus cephus, C. mona, C. nictitans) [3].…”

unclassified

L’adaptation des lentivirus au chimpanzé

Etienne

2014

Med Sci (Paris)

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Staff

Sheer²

2011

Encyclopedia of Bioterrorism Defense

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

When human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) first appeared in large numbers in the 1980s, the Soviet Union alleged that the virus had been created at Fort Detrick, Maryland as part of the United States' biological weapons program. While this allegation was determined to be untrue, there have been cases of intentional infection and threatened use of HIV as a biological weapon; however, there are several characteristics and variables that suggest HIV would be a poor choice for a bioterrorist attack.

show abstract

Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic

Cited by 1,072 publications

References 145 publications

Origin of the HIV-1 group O epidemic in western lowland gorillas

Origin of the HIV-1 group O epidemic in western lowland gorillas

L’adaptation des lentivirus au chimpanzé

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About