Oroxylin A: A Promising Flavonoid for Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases

Abstract

There have been magnificent advancements in the understanding of molecular mechanisms of chronic diseases over the past several years, but these diseases continue to be a considerable cause of death worldwide. Most of the approved medications available for the prevention and treatment of these diseases target only a single gene/protein/pathway and are known to cause severe side effects and are less effective than they are anticipated. Consequently, the development of finer therapeutics that outshine the existing ones is far-reaching. Natural compounds have enormous applications in curbing several disastrous and fatal diseases. Oroxylin A (OA) is a flavonoid obtained from the plants Oroxylum indicum, Scutellaria baicalensis, and S. lateriflora, which have distinctive pharmacological properties. OA modulates the important signaling pathways, including NF-κB, MAPK, ERK1/2, Wnt/β-catenin, PTEN/PI3K/Akt, and signaling molecules, such as TNF-α, TGF-ꞵ, MMPs, VEGF, interleukins, Bcl-2, caspases, HIF-1α, EMT proteins, Nrf-2, etc., which play a pivotal role in the molecular mechanism of chronic diseases. Overwhelming pieces of evidence expound on the anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-cancer potentials of this flavonoid, which makes it an engrossing compound for research. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies also displayed the promising potential of OA against cancer, cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, neurological disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, etc. Therefore, the current review focuses on delineating the role of OA in combating different chronic diseases and highlighting the intrinsic molecular mechanisms of its action.

Skullcapflavone II, a novel NQO1 inhibitor, alleviates aristolochic acid I-induced liver and kidney injury in mice

“…The actual inhibitory effect of an agent to the target in cells can not be simulated completely by pure protein affinity experiment since the microenvironment is much more complicated in cells. In addition, oroxylin A, as a multi target inhibitor, has many binding targets, such as L-plastin (LPL) [ 33 ], transketolase (TKT) [ 34 ], angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) [ 35 ], cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) [ 36 ], etc. These targets might competitively bind oroxylin A with NQO1, which may impair the binding of oroxylin A to NQO1.…”

Natural compounds as lactate dehydrogenase inhibitors: potential therapeutics for lactate dehydrogenase inhibitors-related diseases

“…Additionally, flavonoids have been reported to alleviate brain damage caused by ischemia and reperfusion through LDH inhibition and anti-oxidant effects ( Dong et al, 2013 ). The flavonoid oroxylin A reduces LDH expression ( Sajeev et al, 2022 ) and shows potential for preventing and treating neurological diseases ( Lu et al, 2016 ).…”

Natural flavones from edible and medicinal plants exhibit enormous potential to treat ulcerative colitis

“…Oroxylin A, a main ingredient in the roots of O. indicum and S. baicalensis , possessed a wide range of beneficial bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, anticoagulative, cytoprotective, and neuroprotective bioactivities ( Sajeev et al, 2022a ; Sajeev et al, 2022b ). Zhou et al (2017) investigated the role of oroxylin A on DSS-treated mice UC by targeting NLRP3 inflammasome.…”