Orthomyxoviridae

Ma, Wenjun

doi:10.1002/9781119650836.ch57

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Each genus has just a single member, the Influenza A, B, C and D viruses, respectively. Of these, influenza A is the most diverse and the one responsible for all known human influenza pandemics [21]. The genome of influenza A is segmented and consists of 8 strands (or genes), two of which -HA and NAcode for significant antigens -hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.…”

Section: Influenza Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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One Hundred Years of Influenza A Evolution

Nielsen,

Berrig,

Grenfell

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Leveraging the simplicity of raw nucleotide distances, we provide an intuitive window into the evolution of the human influenza A `nonstructural' (NS) gene. In an analysis suggested by the eminent Danish biologist Freddy B. Christiansen, we illustrate the existence of a continuous genetic ``backbone'' of influenza A NS genes, steadily increasing in distance to the 1918 root over more than a century. Interestingly, the 2009 influenza pandemic represents a clear departure from this enduring genetic backbone. Utilizing nucleotide distance maps and phylogenetic analyses, we illustrate remaining uncertainties regarding the origin of the 2009 pandemic, highlighting the complexity of influenza evolution. The NS gene is interesting precisely because it experiences neutral genetic drift over long periods of time time, while sudden deviations from this drift pattern can indicate changes in other genes via the hitchhiking effect. Our approach employs two measures based on genotypic distance - the rooted temporal Hamming map and the unrooted temporal Hamming distribution - to analyze the evolutionary dynamics of the NS gene. The rooted Hamming map elucidates distances between a reference sequence and all other sequences over time. In contrast, the unrooted temporal Hamming distribution captures the distribution of genotypic distances between simultaneously circulating viruses, thereby revealing patterns of sequence diversity and epi-evolutionary dynamics. Our study aims to supplement traditional tree-based phylogenetic inference with these direct temporal distance-based measures, offering transparent insights into the evolution of the influenza NS gene.

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Section: Influenza Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One Hundred Years of Influenza A Evolution

Nielsen,

Berrig,

Grenfell

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…Orthomyxoviruses cause respiratory problems in humans as well as in animals. Orthomyxoviridae family is divided into seven genera: Influenza viruses A, B, C, and D, Quaranjavirus, Thogotovirus, and Isavirus [ 52 ]. Infection in humans is generally caused by the Influenza A virus and is the one with pandemic potential [ 53 ].…”

Section: Footprints Of Quasispecies Evolution Of Major Rna Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quasispecies Nature of RNA Viruses: Lessons from the Past

et al. 2023

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Viral quasispecies are distinct but closely related mutants formed by the disparity in viral genomes due to recombination, mutations, competition, and selection pressure. Theoretical derivation for the origin of a quasispecies is owed to the error-prone replication by polymerase and mutants of RNA replicators. Here, we briefly addressed the theoretical and mathematical origin of quasispecies and their dynamics. The impact of quasispecies for major salient human pathogens is reviewed. In the current global scenario, rapid changes in geographical landscapes favor the origin and selection of mutants. It comes as no surprise that a cauldron of mutants poses a significant risk to public health, capable of causing pandemics. Mutation rates in RNA viruses are magnitudes higher than in DNA organisms, explaining their enhanced virulence and evolvability. RNA viruses cause the most devastating pandemics; for example, members of the Orthomyxoviridae family caused the great influenza pandemic (1918 flu or Spanish flu), the SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) outbreak, and the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), lentiviruses of the Retroviridae family, caused worldwide devastation. Rapidly evolving RNA virus populations are a daunting challenge for the designing of effective control measures like vaccines. Developing awareness of the evolutionary dispositions of RNA viral mutant spectra and what influences their adaptation and virulence will help curtail outbreaks of past and future pathogens.

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“…Orthomyxoviridae is a family of RNA-based viruses, including seven genera [ 94 ]. Four of these are responsible for influenza disease in humans.…”

Section: Viruses Detected Using Microparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microparticle-Based Detection of Viruses

Khanthaphixay

Yoon

2023

Biosensors

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Surveillance of viral pathogens in both point-of-care and clinical settings is imperative to preventing the widespread propagation of disease—undetected viral outbreaks can pose dire health risks on a large scale. Thus, portable, accessible, and reliable biosensors are necessary for proactive measures. Polymeric microparticles have recently gained popularity for their size, surface area, and versatility, which make them ideal biosensing tools. This review cataloged recent investigations on polymeric microparticle-based detection platforms across eight virus families. These microparticles were used as labels for detection (often with fluorescent microparticles) and for capturing viruses for isolation or purification (often with magnetic microparticles). We also categorized all methods by the characteristics, materials, conjugated receptors, and size of microparticles. Current approaches were compared, addressing strengths and weaknesses in the context of virus detection. In-depth analyses were conducted for each virus family, categorizing whether the polymeric microparticles were used as labels, for capturing, or both. We also summarized the types of receptors conjugated to polymeric microparticles for each virus family.

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Orthomyxoviridae

Cited by 6 publications

References 7 publications

One Hundred Years of Influenza A Evolution

One Hundred Years of Influenza A Evolution

Quasispecies Nature of RNA Viruses: Lessons from the Past

Microparticle-Based Detection of Viruses

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