Orthonectids Are Highly Degenerate Annelid Worms

Schiffer, Philipp H.; Robertson, Helen E.; Telford, Maximilian J.

doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.088

Cited by 34 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…(Filippova, Purschke, Tzetlin, & Müller, ). Taking together, this may support the annelid affinity of the Orthonectida, also supported by recent molecular phylogenetic analyses (Mikhailov et al, ; Schiffer et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

The structure of the muscular and nervous systems of the male Intoshialinei (Orthonectida)

2018

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Orthonectida is a small group of parasites, which, according to recent studies, may be phylogenetically close to Annelida. Here, we describe the musculature and serotonin‐like immunoreactive (SLIR) nervous system of male adults of Intoshia linei (Orthonectida) using immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The whole muscular system consists of four outer longitudinal and eight pairs of inner semicircular muscle fibres. Immunohistochemistry revealed six serotonin‐like cells at the anterior part of the body, and two backward lateral longitudinal nerves, merging at the posterior end. Compared to females, the organization of the nervous system is modified and its progenetic origin seems unlikely. The general neuromuscular organization corresponds to the pattern of small‐sized annelids, suggesting their possible phylogenetic affinity. Free‐living males and females of the orthonectid I. linei may present a good example of a highly simplified Bilaterian with fully functioning nervous and muscular systems. This simplicity is secondary and is caused by two factors—the parasitic life style and miniaturization of free‐living sexual stages.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

The structure of the muscular and nervous systems of the male Intoshialinei (Orthonectida)

2018

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“…The Taxonomy browser at the NCBI). As the location of the Mesozoa on the phylogenetic tree is highly debated, we followed the recent analyses placing this (polyphyletic) group within the Lophotrochozoa [32].…”

Section: Phylogenetic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the interactions between Codanin-1 and C15Orf41, two proteins implicated in congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I disease

Swickley

Bloch

Malka

et al. 2020

BMC Mol and Cell Biol

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Background: Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I (CDA I), is an autosomal recessive disease with macrocytic anemia in which erythroid precursors in the bone marrow exhibit pathognomonic abnormalities including spongy heterochromatin and chromatin bridges. We have shown previously that the gene mutated in CDA I encodes Codanin-1, a ubiquitously expressed and evolutionarily conserved large protein. Recently, an additional etiologic factor for CDA I was reported, C15Orf41, a predicted nuclease. Mutations in both CDAN1 and C15Orf41 genes results in very similar erythroid phenotype. However, the possible relationships between these two etiologic factors is not clear. Results: We demonstrate here that Codanin-1 and C15Orf41 bind to each other, and that Codanin-1 stabilizes C15Orf41. C15Orf41 protein is mainly nuclear and Codanin-1 overexpression shifts it to the cytoplasm. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that even though Codanin-1 is an essential protein in mammals, it was lost from several diverse and unrelated animal taxa. Interestingly, C15Orf41 was eliminated in the exact same animal taxa. This is an extreme case of the Phylogenetic Profiling phenomenon, which strongly suggests common pathways for these two proteins. Lastly, as the 3D structure is more conserved through evolution than the protein sequence, we have used the Phyre2 alignment program to find structurally homologous proteins. We found that Codanin-1 is highly similar to CNOT1, a conserved protein which serves as a scaffold for proteins involved in mRNA stability and transcriptional control. Conclusions: The physical interaction and the stabilization of C15Orf41 by Codanin-1, combined with the phylogenetic co-existence and co-loss of these two proteins during evolution, suggest that the major function of the presumptive scaffold protein, Codanin-1, is to regulate C15Orf41 activities. The similarity between Codanin-1 and CNOT1 suggest that Codanin-1 is involved in RNA metabolism and activity, and opens up a new avenue for the study of the molecular pathways affected in CDAI.

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“…Molecular phylogenetic analyses have been in accord with this view (Hanelt et al, 1996;Pawlowski et al, 1996;Petrov et al, 2010), with genomic data of Intoshia linei strongly supporting this affinity (Mikhailov et al, 2016). Studies using transcriptomic data of a dicyemid, Dicyema japonicum, have also suggested that orthonectids are protostomes (Lu et al, 2017); and another analysis on mitochondrial genomes and nuclear genes suggested that orthonectids are members of the phylum Annelida (Schiffer et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

A New Species of Orthonectida That ParasitizesXenoturbella bocki: Implications for Studies onXenoturbella

Nakano

Miyazawa

2019

The Biological Bulletin

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Orthonectida is a phylum of marine invertebrates known to parasitize many invertebrate animals. Because of its simple body plan, it was suggested that it belong to Mesozoa, together with Dicyemida, and that it represent the evolutionary step between unicellular organisms and multicellular animals. Recent studies, including analyses of its genomes, have clarified its phylogenetic position as a member of the Protostomia, but details such as the species diversity within the phylum and how it infects the host remain unknown. Here we report orthonectids discovered from the marine worm Xenoturbella bocki. Orthonectids were found from sections of four xenoturbellid specimens, collected eight years apart. Live females were also discovered on three separate occasions. These recurring instances of orthonectids found from Xenoturbella show that they are parasitic to the animal and not just chance contaminations. Based on morphological characters such as the presence of sexual dimorphism, the arrangement of oocytes within the female body, and the presence of crystalline inclusions in the male epidermal cells, we regard this orthonectid as a new species, Rhopalura xenoturbellae sp. nov. Since orthonectids are present within the xenoturbellid adult body, caution is needed when interpreting morphological, molecular, and experimental data from X. bocki. Further studies on R. xenoturbellae will yield important information on the fundamental biological details of orthonectids that remain unknown.

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Orthonectids Are Highly Degenerate Annelid Worms

Cited by 34 publications

References 32 publications

The structure of the muscular and nervous systems of the male Intoshialinei (Orthonectida)

The structure of the muscular and nervous systems of the male Intoshialinei (Orthonectida)

Characterization of the interactions between Codanin-1 and C15Orf41, two proteins implicated in congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I disease

A New Species of Orthonectida That ParasitizesXenoturbella bocki: Implications for Studies onXenoturbella

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