Orthopoxviruses—Plagues of Mankind, Strategists in Immune Evasion, Teachers in Vaccination

Czerny, Claus-Peter

doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9457-2_20

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 123 publications

(177 reference statements)

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“…Epidemiology of buffalopox should be reconsidered more than 30 years after cessation of smallpox eradication campaigns [23]. BPXV resembles VACV in its pathogenesis, pathology, and histology.…”

Section: Epidemiology Host Range and Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Characteristic signs in buffaloes include a local pox exanthema (pustulation with central necrosis) and localized pock-lesions on the muzzle, udder, teats, inside of the thighs, scrotum, base of the ears, inner surface of earflap, and eyes in the mild form [6]. The disease may also proceed to severe systemic disease of a cyclical pattern with generalized lesions in individual cases [23].…”

Section: Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, no licensed specific antivirals are available for the treatment of BPXV infections in humans and animals. If possible, acute infections can be curtailed with immune sera; but, in the case of immunosuppressed individuals, serum therapy does not prevent the local infection from developing into a generalized systemic disease [23,56,57]. However, reservations against polyclonal human immune sera arise due to safety reasons, as their biological compounds are not characterized very well [23].…”

Section: Therapy and Prophylaxismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over time, BPXV evolved from VACV and established itself in buffaloes to be increasingly pathogenic to the new host, i.e., buffaloes, and further to make infections in cattle and humans [23]. The emergence of a pathogenic OPXV, which can spread efficiently from human-to-human, should be considered an immediate public health risk [63][64][65].…”

Section: Future Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Buffalopox Virus: An Emerging Virus in Livestock and Humans

et al. 2020

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Buffalopox virus (BPXV) is the cause of buffalopox, which was recognized by the FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Zoonosis as an important zoonotic disease. Buffalopox was first described in India, later in other countries, and has become an emerging contagious viral zoonotic disease infecting milkers with high morbidity among affected domestic buffalo and cattle. BPXV is a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus and a close variant of the vaccinia virus (VACV). Recent genome data show that BPXV shares a most recent common ancestor of VACV Lister strain, which had been used for inoculating buffalo calves to produce a Smallpox vaccine. Over time, VACV evolved into BPXV by establishing itself in buffaloes to be increasingly pathogenic to this host and to make infections in cattle and humans. Together with the current pandemic of SARS-COV2/COVID 19, BPXV infections illustrate how vulnerable the human population is to the emergence and re-emergence of viral pathogens from unsuspected sources. In view that majority of the world population are not vaccinated against smallpox and are most vulnerable in the event of its re-emergence, reviewing and understanding the biology of vaccinia-like viruses are necessary for developing a new generation of safer smallpox vaccines in the smallpox-free world.

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Section: Epidemiology Host Range and Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Therapy and Prophylaxismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Future Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Buffalopox Virus: An Emerging Virus in Livestock and Humans

et al. 2020

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Human monkeypox virus: A review on the globally emerging virus

2024

Biomed. Lett.

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Monkeypox is a contagious complaint that affects both mortal and beast health and has lately come under the attention of all worlds. A genomic to developments in DNA sequencing, the genomic chart of the contagion has been known, which offers perceptivity into its elaboration and possible modes of transmission across different species. Understanding the complex mechanisms and studying the transmission of monkeypox is pivotal for disseminating the complaint’s spread from beast sources to mortal populations. Global frequency patterns demonstrate the complex connections between source hosts, vectors, and susceptible populations, and the deficit of exploration in Pakistan permits further disquisition into the possible public health counteraccusations. It's matter of great significance to completely explore the inheritable and antigenic parcels of this contagion, with its strong correlation with the etiology of monkeypox. PCR has proven to be a tool for accurate identification in the ongoing fight against this contagious disease. The variety of clinical signs and symptoms, which can vary from mild fever to severe lymphadenopathy, highlights the critical need for effective opinion and treatment strategies. Also, the maturity of available treatment options presently corresponds of probative care and antiviral specifics. Further exploration and cooperative sweats are necessary to increase our understanding and develop feasible therapeutics. This discussion highlights the need for a comprehensive plan to lessen the mischievous goods of monkeypox on the health of people and creatures. Beforehand discovery, visionary surveillance, and substantiation-grounded operation strategies must be put into practice.

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Orthopoxviruses—Plagues of Mankind, Strategists in Immune Evasion, Teachers in Vaccination

Cited by 2 publications

References 123 publications

Buffalopox Virus: An Emerging Virus in Livestock and Humans

Buffalopox Virus: An Emerging Virus in Livestock and Humans

Human monkeypox virus: A review on the globally emerging virus

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