Osmolarity Determines the Solubility of Anesthetics in Aqueous Solutions at 37°C

Lerman, Jerrold; Willis, M. M.; Gregory, G. A.; Eger, E. I.

doi:10.1097/00000542-198312000-00013

Cited by 52 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…An explanation for the deviation of saline partition coefficients is that Nakajima (1979a, 1979b) measured partitioning in water, whereas PBS was used in the present study, which is very similar to the 0.9% NaCl solution used by Gargas et al (1989). For volatile anesthetics it was previously noticed that P saline:air deviates from P water:air by a factor of 0.87-0.97, because of the presence of ions, which decreases the maximum water solubility (Steward et al, 1973;Renzi & Waud, 1977;Halliday et al, 1977;Lerman et al, 1983). If a similar factor would apply to organic solvents in general, this would account for part of the difference found.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Relationship between Olive Oil:Air, Saline:Air, and Rat Brain:Air Partition Coefficients of Organic Solvents In Vitro

Meulenberg¹,

Wijnker²,

Vijverberg³

2003

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Relationship between Olive Oil:Air, Saline:Air, and Rat Brain:Air Partition Coefficients of Organic Solvents In Vitro

Meulenberg¹,

Wijnker²,

Vijverberg³

2003

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

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“…For the remaining compounds either P water:air values were reported (ϳ10%) or it is unclear whether the published values represent P water:air or P saline:air (ϳ10%). For volatile anesthetics, it has been shown that P saline:air ϭ 0.87-0.97 P water:air (Steward et al, 1973;Renzi and Waud, 1977;Halliday et al, 1977;Lerman et al, 1983). The magnitude of the difference is similar to that of the experimental error in the determination of the partition coefficient (e.g., see Sato and Nakajima, 1979a,b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Empirical Relations Predicting Human and Rat Tissue:Air Partition Coefficients of Volatile Organic Compounds

Meulenberg

Vijverberg

2000

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

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Based on the hypothesis that tissue partitioning of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is due to lipophilic and hydrophilic interactions with tissue components, empirical relations are established between olive oil (P oil:air ), saline (P saline:air ), and tissue partition coefficients (P tissue:air ) for human and rat tissues. Reported values of partition coefficients of a wide range of VOCs with distinct chemical structures (n ‫؍‬ 137) have been compiled from the literature. Bilinear regression analysis shows that partition coefficients of VOCs in human blood, brain, fat, liver, kidney, and muscle tissues are well described by a linear combination of P oil:air and P saline:air with tissue-specific regression coefficients. The regression coefficient associated with the hydrophilic component of VOC partitioning in rat tissues is systematically higher than that of human tissues. For the human model, tissue concentrations calculated from predicted partition coefficients are generally within a factor 4 of tissue concentrations calculated from experimentally observed partition coefficients. These results demonstrate that, without prior knowledge of tissue composition, it is possible to obtain estimates of human tissue partition coefficients of VOCs with an accuracy that is in the same range as that commonly used in risk assessment.

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“…The λ varies with temperature, 8-11 hematocrit, 12,13 plasma protein, 13,14 osmolarity, 15 B:G and lipid concentration. 13,14,16,17 However, λ B:G may vary between species as well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solubility of Haloether Anesthetics in Human and Animal Blood

et al. 2012

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Background Anesthetic blood solubility predicts pharmacokinetics for inhaled agents and is essential for determination of blood anesthetic concentrations from end-tidal gas concentrations using Henry’s Law. Though used to model anesthetic effects in humans, there are limited interspecies solubility comparisons that include modern haloethers. This study aimed to measure hematocrit-adjusted blood:gas anesthetic partition coefficients (λB:G) for desflurane, sevoflurane, isoflurane, and methoxyflurane in humans and animals. Methods Whole blood was collected from 20 rats, 8 horses, and 4 each of cats, cattle, humans, dogs, goats, pigs, rabbits, and sheep. Plasma or cell volume was removed to adjust all samples to a packed cell volume of 40%. A single agent calibration gas headspace was added to blood in a glass syringe and was mixed and equilibrated at 37°C for 2 hours. Agent concentrations in the calibration gas and syringe headspace were measured using gas chromatography. Anesthetic solubility in saline, citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine, and olive oil were similarly measured. Results Except for goats, all animal species had at least one λB:G measurement that differed significantly from humans. For each agent, λB:G positively correlated with serum triglyceride concentrations, but this only explained 25% of interspecies variability. Desflurane was significantly less soluble in blood than sevoflurane in some species (e.g., humans) but not in others (e.g., rabbits). Conclusions Anesthetic partition coefficients differ significantly between humans and most animals for haloether anesthetics. Because of their similar λB:G values, goats may be a better animal model for inhaled anesthetic pharmacokinetics in people.

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Osmolarity Determines the Solubility of Anesthetics in Aqueous Solutions at 37°C

Cited by 52 publications

References 0 publications

Relationship between Olive Oil:Air, Saline:Air, and Rat Brain:Air Partition Coefficients of Organic Solvents In Vitro

Relationship between Olive Oil:Air, Saline:Air, and Rat Brain:Air Partition Coefficients of Organic Solvents In Vitro

Empirical Relations Predicting Human and Rat Tissue:Air Partition Coefficients of Volatile Organic Compounds

Solubility of Haloether Anesthetics in Human and Animal Blood

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