Osmolytes in vaccine production, flocculation and storage: a critical review

Abstract

Small molecule osmolytes, responsible for protecting stresses have long been known to rescue proteins and enzymes from loss of function. In addition to protecting macromolecules integrity, many osmolytes also act as potential antioxidant and also help to prevent protein aggregation, amyloid formation or misfolding, and therefore are considered promising molecules for neurodegenerative and many other genetic diseases. Osmolytes are also known to be involved in the regulation of several key immunological processes. In the present review we discuss in detail the effect of these compounds on important aspects of vaccines i.e., increasing the efficiency, production and purification steps. The present review therefore will help researchers to make a better strategy in vaccine production to formulation by incorporating specific and appropriate osmolytes in the processes.

Natural multi-osmolyte cocktails form deep eutectic systems of unprecedented complexity: discovery, affordances and perspectives

“…ureas and guanidines) used by mammals and marine life. [7][8][9] The diversity of osmolytes, their multiple biological functions and their nontoxicity over a wide range of concentrations have led to their wide application in biotechnology, agriculture, and medicine, primarily as protein stabilizers and cell protectants (Table 1). 10 Apart from their chemical structure, osmolytes have been categorized in two major groups, according to their impact on macrobiomolecules, particularly proteins.…”

“…ureas and guanidines) used by mammals and marine life. 7–9 The diversity of osmolytes, their multiple biological functions and their nontoxicity over a wide range of concentrations have led to their wide application in biotechnology, agriculture, and medicine, primarily as protein stabilizers and cell protectants (Table 1). 10…”

Nano-Osmolyte Conjugation: Tailoring the Osmolyte-Protein Interactions at the Nanoscale

“…In addition, osmolytes protect vaccines in terms of their formulation and stability. Trehalose protects hemagglutinin present in influenza vaccines from various stresses during vaccine production and storage . Moreover, since therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are prone to aggregation, osmolytes, namely betaine, sarcosine, ectoine, and hydroxyectoine, have been investigated for their ability to prevent the aggregation of IgG1 antibodies.…”

“…Trehalose protects hemagglutinin present in influenza vaccines from various stresses during vaccine production and storage. 53 Moreover, since therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are prone to aggregation, osmolytes, namely betaine, sarcosine, ectoine, and hydroxyectoine, have been investigated for their ability to prevent the aggregation of IgG1 antibodies. Sarcosine and hydroxyectoine were found to increase the melting temperatures of the IgG1 mAbs, and sarcosine was found to be the most stabilizing osmolyte.…”

Biopolymers and Osmolytes — A Focus towards the Prospects of Stability and Adjuvanticity of Vaccines

“…Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a conditionally essential amino sulfonic acid present in the body. 82 There is the following evidence to recommend the use of taurine as a vaccine adjuvant and stabilizer. Taurine has been proposed to potentiate adjuvant effects upon oral administration of rubella and influenza viral vaccines 83 and hepatitis B viral vaccines 84 by increasing the antibody response (inducing IL-1) thus, enhancing the proliferation and differentiation of B cells.…”